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. 2022 Feb 22;9:811433. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.811433

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Copyright © 2022 Huang, Tsai, Thorat, Xiao, Zhang, Sandhu, Edirisinghe and Burton-Freeman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Postprandial plasma insulin concentrations over 7 h after consuming high-fat and high-carbohydrate (HFHC) challenge test meals with and without addition herbs and spices (H/S) followed by fasting 24-h plasma insulin concentration in (A) All evaluable subjects (n = 23); (B) subjects with age <40 years (n = 15); (C) subjects with age ≥40 years (n = 8). Main effect of meal (P = 0.12), time (P <0.0001), meal by time interaction (P = 0.04), and meal by time by age interaction (P = 0.001). Data are means ± standard error of mean. Data were log-transformed prior to statistical analysis. PROC MIXED (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina) was used for repeated measures. *Significant meal effect at the time point, P <0.05.