Table 4.
Postprandial changes (Δ) in plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, IL-6a.
| Test meals | 0 h | 0.5 h | 1 h | 2 h | 4 h | 5.5 h | 7 h | 24 h | P-value meal | P-value time | P-value meal × time | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔGlucose (mg/dL) | Control | 0 | 28.34 ± 3.8 | 17.77 ± 4.4 | 11.61 ± 3.3 | 0.34 ± 2.2 | −5.00 ± 2.1 | −3.60 ± 1.9 | 3.50 ± 1.1 | 0.0209 | <0.0001 | 0.6193 |
| Italian herb | 0 | 22.98 ± 3.0 | 11.49 ± 5.5 | 5.97 ± 3.1 | 2.48 ± 2.3 | −2.75 ± 2.1 | −4.22 ± 1.8 | −0.02 ± 1.2 | ||||
| Cinnamon† | 0 | 17.26 ± 2.9 | 5.47 ± 5.0 | 4.95 ± 3.0 | −1.06 ± 2.8 | −4.25 ± 2.1 | −5.90 ± 1.6 | −0.23 ± 0.7 | ||||
| Pumpkin pie | 0 | 25.26 ± 3.9 | 15.35 ± 5.8 | 7.60 ± 4.1 | −2.98 ± 2.3 | −4.65 ± 2.0 | −5.48 ± 1.6 | 1.79 ± 1.8 | ||||
| ΔInsulinb (uIU/mL) | Control | 0 | 66.39 ± 7.6 | 63.90 ± 7.1 | 37.75 ± 6.2 | 5.24 ± 1.5 | −0.86 ± 0.6 | −0.43 ± 0.5 | 1.10 ± 0.5 | 0.1447 | <0.0001 | 0.0034 |
| Italian Herb | 0 | 59.19 ± 5.0 | 43.99 ± 4.2# | 31.41 ± 2.6 | 7.79 ± 1.3 | 0.39 ± 0.6 | −0.89 ± 0.5 | 2.37 ± 0.8 | ||||
| Cinnamon | 0 | 49.19 ± 5.6* | 56.13 ± 8.3 | 35.68 ± 3.7 | 9.14 ± 3.0 | 2.04 ± 1.9 | −0.84 ± 0.6 | 0.93 ± 0.7 | ||||
| Pumpkin pie | 0 | 46.90 ± 6.2* | 49.97 ± 5.1 | 36.47 ± 6.4 | 7.28 ± 2.2 | 0.21 ± 0.6 | −1.50 ± 0.5 | 1.01 ± 0.8 | ||||
| ΔTGb (mg/dL) | Control | 0 | 8.67 ± 3.2 | 40.72 ± 10.0 | 68.41 ± 10.3 | 45.08 ± 9.8 | 12.65 ± 6.1 | −4.61 ± 4.9 | −5.87 ± 4.1 | 0.3389 | <0.0001 | 0.6846 |
| Italian Herb | 0 | 9.56 ± 4.0 | 37.33 ± 9.9 | 64.19 ± 13.3 | 62.58 ± 11.7 | 28.10 ± 8.3 | 7.49 ± 6.1 | −8.03 ± 5.6 | ||||
| Cinnamon | 0 | 3.18 ± 3.9 | 23.63 ± 5.6 | 53.85 ± 6.1 | 61.07 ± 11.4 | 23.11 ± 6.1 | 2.06 ± 6.0 | −4.88 ± 7.3 | ||||
| Pumpkin pie | 0 | 10.86 ± 3.6 | 31.61 ± 5.6 | 69.72 ± 9.6 | 66.05 ± 13.0 | 26.56 ± 7.6 | −0.82 ± 5.1 | −8.29 ± 6.0 | ||||
| ΔIL-6b (pmol/L) | Control | 0 | – | – | 0.00 ± 0.2 | 1.95 ± 0.7 | 3.90 ± 1.1 | 3.39 ± 1.0 | 0.18 ± 0.3 | 0.3795 | <0.0001 | 0.709 7 |
| Italian herb | 0 | – | – | 0.39 ± 0.2 | 1.97 ± 0.7 | 3.27 ± 0.7 | 3.78 ± 0.6 | 0.12 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Cinnamon | 0 | – | – | 0.37 ± 0.3 | 1.47 ± 0.6 | 2.08 ± 0.6 | 3.47 ± 0.9 | 0.35 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Pumpkin pie | 0 | – | – | 0.20 ± 0.2 | 1.33 ± 0.5 | 2.70 ± 0.8 | 4.53 ± 1.0 | 1.02 ± 0.6 |
a
Data are means ± standard error of mean, n = 23. IL-6, interleukin-6; TG, triglycerides. PROC MIXED (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina) was used for repeated measures. Tukey-Kramer adjustment was used in the model. Significant difference from control group;
*
P < 0.05,
#
P = 0.056. Significant meal effect compared to the control
†
P = 0.01.
b
Age by time interaction was included in the final model.