Table 5.
TMS-EEG studies in stroke.
| References | N of subjects | N of channels | TMS-EEG type | Region of interest (Stim) | Stimulation intensity per resting MT | EEG connectivity technique | Networks/regions investigated | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cipollari et al. (115) | 6 | 20 | Single pulse | Right IFG | Subthreshold | TEP | Right Broca homolog | TEP amplitudes increase with anodal tDCS and melodic intonation therapy. |
| Manganotti et al. (116) | 9 | 29 | Single pulse | Left M1 | Subthreshold | TEP N100 component | M1 | Presence of TEP N100; predictor of good recovery. |
| Borich et al. (117) | 10 | 64 | Single pulse | Bilateral M1s | Suprathreshold | TEP | M1, Interhemispheric connections between M1s | Increased interhemispheric beta coherence in stroke and related to motor impairment |
| Gray et al. (118) | 13 | 32 | Single pulse | M1 | Suprathreshold | TEP | M1 | Higher amplitude and delayed latency of P30 associated with poorer hand function |
| Pellicciari et al. (119) | 13 | 29 | Single pulse | M1 and parietal cortex | Subthreshold | TEP, TMS evoked oscillations | Sensorimotor networks | Clinical improvement associated with increased TMS-evoked alpha oscillations, which also predicted significant motor recovery |
| Hordacre et al. (120) | 8 | 64 | Single pulse | M1 | Threshold | TEP | M1 | Higher amplitude of P30 in chronic stroke pts |
| Palmer et al. (121) | 19 | 32 | Single pulse | M1 | Suprathreshold | TEP, TMS evoked oscillations | M1, Interhemispheric connections between M1s | Evoked interhemispheric coherence correlated negatively with upper limb function. |
| Tscherpel et al. (122) | 28 | 64 | Single pulse | Lesioned M1 | Threshold | TEP | M1, Interhemispheric connections between M1s | Less complex, slower, and more local responses to TMS in severely affected pts. |
| Casula et al. (123) | 19 | 29 | Single and paired pulse | M1 | Suprathreshold | TEP, TMS evoked oscillations | M1, Interhemispheric connections between M1s | Better recovery associated with balanced TEPs between hemispheres |
| Rolle et al. (124) | 14 | 64 | Single pulse | Bilateral M1s | Suprathreshold | TEP, TMS evoked oscillations | Sensorimotor networks | Stroke pts with higher TMS-evoked functional connectivity had better motor performance. |
M1, Primary motor cortex; TEP, Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) evoked potentials (TEP); N, Negative; P, Positive; MT, motor threshold; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation.