Table 3.

Association of baseline factors and risk of major financial hardship^a

Factor	Multivariate Cox regressiona
	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P b
Age
<65 years vs ≥65 years	0.93 (0.66 to 1.29)	.65
Sex
Female vs male	0.88 (0.67 to 1.16)	.36
Race
Non-White vs White	1.06 (0.79 to 1.43)	.70
Marital status
Not married or partnered vs married or partnered	0.98 (0.73 to 1.31)	.87
Income per year
<$50 000 vs ≥$50 000	1.33 (0.95 to 1.87)	.10
<$100 000 vs ≥$100 000	1.92 (1.28 to 2.89)	.002
Education
≤High school/GED vs >high school	0.89 (0.67 to 1.18)	.41
Insurance status
Suboptimal insurancec  vs private/Medicare/military	0.74 (0.51 to 1.07)	.11
Medicare vs non-Medicare	0.96 (0.63 to 1.47)	.87
Medicaid vs non-Medicaid	1.09 (0.72 to 1.65)	.67
Uninsured vs insured	0.87 (0.39 to 1.94)	.73
Total assets
<$25 000 vs ≥$25 000	1.28 (0.93 to 1.76)	.12
<$50 000 vs ≥$50 000	1.30 (0.95 to 1.77)	.10
<$100 000 vs ≥$100 000	1.57 (1.12 to 2.20)	.009
Employment
Unemployed vs any employmentd	0.66 (0.48 to 0.92)	.01
Employment (<65 years)
Unemployed vs any employmentd	0.69 (0.43 to 1.09)	.11
Homeowner
No vs yes	0.99 (0.74 to 1.33)	.94

^a Primary multivariable model includes indicators for age younger than 65 years, female sex, non-White race, unmarried or unpartnered, income <$50 000 per year, ≤high school/GED, suboptimal insurance, total assets <$100 000, unemployed, nonhomeowner. For estimating employment effect in those younger than 65 years, the primary model (excluding the age indicator) is run on the subset of younger than 65 years. For estimating hazard ratio of other cut points within the variables of interest, a model using the same indicators as in the primary model is used, with an indicator for the new cut point/variable replacing the primary model’s indicator in the same category. CI = confidence interval; GED = general education development.

^b P value calculated using χ² test, Bonferroni α = .01; 2-sided test was used for each comparison.

^c Defined as including Medicaid (including “dual eligible” patients with Medicare + Medicaid) or no insurance.

^dIncludes full-time employment, part-time employment, self-employed, and on leave from full-time employment.