Table 1.

Impacts on major supply chain drivers due to COVID-19

Supply chain drivers	Immediate impacts	Short-term impacts on food security	Long-term impacts on food security
Farmers	• Labor shortage • Increase in food wastage	• Low profits • Problems concerned with post-harvest management	• Loss of income for households • Issues related to food availability for lower income community
Production	Low agricultural yield	Non-availability of food grains and staple foods to communities worldwide	Malnutrition, hunger
Transportation	Travel restriction (road, air, and railways)	Inadequate availability of farm inputs Increase in supply demand of food due to closure of restaurants and shopping malls	Food accessibility issues for consumers Disruption in global trade markets
Retailers and vendors	Stoppage of imported foods	Less amount of supply due to lack of transport and pay cuts	Different cost allocation for PPE (personal protective equipment) kits to all workers
Consumers	Decreased food supplies Increased online shopping and scams	Prioritizing on purchase Work-from-home stress and pressure-related issues	Lack of food for below-poverty line globally