Table 1.
Demographics and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with hepatic malignant vascular tumor (HMVT)
| Categories | Number (%) | P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| AS | HE | EHE | HP | HMVT | HMVT (Training) | HMVT (Validation) | ||
| (N=350) | (N=37) | (N=114) | (N=9) | (N=510) | (N=308) | (N=202) | ||
| Age, years | <0.001 | |||||||
| <40 | 29 (8.3) | 9 (24.3) | 30 (26.3) | 1 (11.1) | 69 (13.5) | 48 (15.6) | 21 (10.4) | |
| 40-59 | 111 (31.7) | 14 (37.8) | 48 (42.1) | 6 (66.7) | 179 (35.1) | 104 (33.8) | 75 (37.1) | |
| ≥60 | 210 (60) | 14 (37.8) | 36 (31.6) | 2 (22.2) | 262 (51.4) | 156 (50.6) | 106 (52.5) | |
| Race | 0.442 | |||||||
| white | 275 (78.6) | 32 (86.5) | 92 (80.7) | 6 (66.7) | 405 (79.4) | 237 (76.9) | 178 (83.2) | |
| black | 17 (4.9) | 2 (5.4) | 11 (9.6) | 1 (11.1) | 31 (6.1) | 19 (6.2) | 12 (5.9) | |
| other | 58 (16.6) | 3 (8.1) | 11 (9.6) | 2 (22.2) | 74 (14.5) | 52 (16.9) | 22 (10.9) | |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||||||
| female | 126 (36) | 24 (64.9) | 77 (67.5) | 6 (66.7) | 233 (45.7) | 149 (48.4) | 84 (41.6) | |
| male | 224 (64) | 13 (35.1) | 37 (32.5) | 3 (33.3) | 277 (54.3) | 159 (51.6) | 118 (58.4) | |
| Year of diagnosis | 0.017 | |||||||
| 1973-1999 | 95 (27.1) | 20 (54.1) | 15 (13.2) | 3 (33.3) | 133 (26.1) | 76 (24.7) | 57 (28.2) | |
| 2000-2005 | 84 (24) | 6 (16.2) | 35 (30.7) | 2 (22.2) | 127 (24.9) | 83 (26.9) | 44 (21.8) | |
| 2006-2010 | 66 (18.9) | 4 (10.8) | 33 (28.9) | 3 (33.3) | 106 (20.8) | 65 (21.1) | 41 (20.3) | |
| 2010-2015 | 105 (30) | 7 (18.9) | 31 (27.2) | 1 (11.1) | 144 (28.2) | 84 (27.3) | 60 (29.7) | |
| Grade | 0.066 | |||||||
| I | 8 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (2.4) | 7 (2.3) | 5 (2.5) | |
| II | 10 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (8.8) | 1 (11.1) | 21 (4.1) | 13 (4.2) | 8 (4.0) | |
| III | 33 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.5) | 1 (11.1) | 38 (7.5) | 23 (7.5) | 15 (7.4) | |
| IV | 35 (10) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (11.1) | 37 (7.3) | 24 (7.8) | 13 (6.4) | |
| unknown | 264 (75.4) | 37 (100.0) | 95 (83.3) | 6 (66.7) | 402 (78.8) | 241 (78.2) | 161 (79.7) | |
| AFP | 0.94 | |||||||
| normal | 86 (24.9) | 5 (13.5) | 29 (25.4) | 2 (22.2) | 122 (23.9) | 75 (24.4) | 47 (23.3) | |
| elevated | 9 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (2.7) | 8 (2.6) | 6 (3.0) | |
| unknown | 255 (72.9) | 32 (86.5) | 80 (70.2) | 7 (77.8) | 374 (73.3) | 225 (73.1) | 149 (73.8) | |
| Fibrosis | 0.402 | |||||||
| none to moderate | 7 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (5.3) | 1 (11.1) | 14 (2.7) | 11 (3.6) | 3 (1.5) | |
| Severe | 16 (14.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (3.5) | 11 (3.6) | 7 (3.5) | |
| unknown | 327 (93.4) | 37 (100.0) | 106 (93.0) | 8 (88.9) | 478 (93.7) | 286 (92.9) | 192 (95.0) | |
| Tumor number | 0.64 | |||||||
| 1 | 309 (88.3) | 36 (97.3) | 103 (90.4) | 7 (77.8) | 455 (89.2) | 270 (87.7) | 185 (91.6) | |
| 2 | 34 (9.7) | 1 (2.7) | 11 (9.6) | 2 (22.2) | 47 (9.2) | 31 (10.1) | 16 (7.9) | |
| ≥3 | 7 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (1.4) | 6 (1.9) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Tumor size | 0.001 | |||||||
| ≤5 cm | 29 (8.3) | 5 (13.5) | 30 (26.3) | 0 (0.0) | 64 (12.5) | 44 (14.3) | 20 (9.9) | |
| >5 cm | 88 (25.1) | 4 (10.8) | 17 (14.9) | 3 (33.3) | 112 (22.0) | 66 (21.4) | 46 (22.8) | |
| unknown | 233 (66.6) | 28 (75.5) | 67 (58.8) | 6 (66.7) | 334 (65.5) | 198 (64.3) | 136 (67.3) | |
| Surgery | 0.048 | |||||||
| Yes | 14 (4) | 4 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 19 (3.7) | 8 (2.6) | 11 (5.4) | |
| No | 37 (10.6) | 3 (8.1) | 9 (7.9) | 2 (22.2) | 51 (10.0) | 24 (7.8) | 27 (13.4) | |
| unknown | 299 (85.4) | 30 (81.1) | 105 (92.1) | 6 (66.7) | 440 (86.3) | 276 (89.6) | 164 (81.2) | |
| Radiation | 0.567 | |||||||
| Yes | 12 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (2.7) | 8 (2.6) | 6 (3.0) | |
| No | 338 (96.6) | 37 (100.0) | 112 (98.2) | 9 (100.0) | 496 (97.3) | 300 (97.4) | 196 (97.0) | |
| Chemotherapy | 0.369 | |||||||
| yes | 48 (13.7) | 9 (24.3) | 18 (15.8) | 1 (11.1) | 76 (14.9) | 51 (16.6) | 25 (12.4) | |
| No | 302 (86.3) | 28 (75.7) | 96 (84.2) | 8 (88.9) | 434 (85.1) | 257 (83.4) | 177 (87.6) | |
| T stage | 0.521 | |||||||
| T1 | 48 (13.7) | 4 (10.8) | 21 (18.4) | 2 (22.2) | 75 (14.7) | 48 (15.6) | 27 (13.4) | |
| T2 | 24 (6.9) | 4 (10.8) | 21 (18.4) | 0 (0.0) | 49 (9.6) | 29 (9.4) | 20 (9.9) | |
| T3 | 43 (12.3) | 2 (5.4) | 10 (8.8) | 1 (11.1) | 56 (11.0) | 35 (11.4) | 21 (10.4) | |
| T4 | 11 (3.1) | 1 (2.7) | 5 (4.4) | 1 (11.1) | 18 (3.5) | 11 (3.6) | 7 (3.5) | |
| unknown | 224 (64.0) | 26 (70.3) | 57 (50.0) | 5 (55.6) | 312 (61.2) | 185 (60.1) | 127 (62.9) | |
| N stage | 0.051 | |||||||
| N0 | 154 (44.0) | 10 (27.0) | 59 (51.8) | 3 (33.3) | 226 (44.3) | 136 (44.2) | 90 (44.6) | |
| N1 | 8 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (7.9) | 1 (11.1) | 18 (3.5) | 11 (3.6) | 7 (3.5) | |
| unknown | 188 (53.7) | 27 (73.0) | 46 (40.4) | 5 (55.6) | 266 (52.2) | 161 (52.3) | 105 (52) | |
| M stage | 0.159 | |||||||
| M0 | 117 (33.4) | 7 (18.9) | 39 (34.2) | 3 (33.3) | 166 (32.5) | 100 (32.5) | 66 (32.7) | |
| M1 | 62 (17.7) | 6 (16.2) | 35 (30.7) | 1 (11.1) | 104 (20.4) | 65 (21.1) | 39 (19.3) | |
| unknown | 171 (48.9) | 24 (64.9) | 40 (35.1) | 5 (55.6) | 240 (47.1) | 143 (46.4) | 97 (48.0) | |
| OS | ||||||||
| 1 year-OS | 51 (12.6) | 17 (45.3) | 83 (71.9) | 4 (44.4) | 155 (28.9) | 94(29.3) | 61 (28.4) | |
| 3 year-OS | 31 (5.9) | 16 (42.5) | 72 (60.5) | 3 (33.3) | 122 (21.3) | 76 (22.6) | 46 (19.4) | |
| 5 year-OS | 31 (5.9) | 15 (39.2) | 67 (54.8) | 3 (33.3) | 116 (19.8) | 71 (20.6) | 45 (18.7) | |
| CSS | ||||||||
| 1 year-CSS | 113 (20.0) | 20 (51.0) | 92 (78.9) | 5 (53.3) | 230 (37.9) | 144 (39.8) | 86 (35.1) | |
| 3 year-CSS | 98 (11.2) | 20 (51.0) | 81 (66.4) | 5 (53.3) | 204 (29.8) | 130 (32.5) | 74 (25.8) | |
| 5 year-CSS | 98 (11.2) | 19 (47.1) | 76 (60.1 | 5 (53.3) | 198 (27.7) | 125 (29.6) | 73 (24.9) | |
AS: angiosarcoma. HE: hemangioendothelioma. EHE: epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. HP: hemangiopericytoma. HMVT: hepatic malignant vascular tumor. TNM: tumor-node-metastasis. OS: overall survival. CSS: cancer-specific survival. Chi-square was used for statistical analysis, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.