Table 2.
Summary of chemical substances/drugs commonly used to induce constipation in experimental animals
| Agent | Animal strain | Route of administration | Dose and period of usage | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loperamide | Sprague-Dawley rats | s.c. | 3-4 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 3-7 days | [53,54,72,74-77,109,111,133-135] |
| 16 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 1 week followed by once daily, for 1 week | [136] | |||
| p.o. | 3-5 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 6-7 days | [81-83] | ||
| 2-4 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 1-2 weeks | [44,84,85] | |||
| i.g. | 1.5 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 7 days | [110] | ||
| Wistar rats | p.o. | 5-10 mg/kg BW, single dose | [107,137,138] | |
| 3 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 3 days | [80] | |||
| 3 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 5 days | [89] | |||
| i.p. | 1-4 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 3-6 days | [88,90,139] | ||
| i.g. | 5 mg/kg BW, single dose | [140] | ||
| Unspecified rat strains | p.o. | 4 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 2 weeks | [141] | |
| i.p. | 5 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 5 days | [142] | ||
| BALB/c mice | s.c. | 10 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 14 days | [87] | |
| p.o. | 5-10 mg/kg BW, single dose | [78,86] | ||
| i.p. | 5 mg/kg BW, single dose | [32] | ||
| i.g. | 10 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 17 days | [43] | ||
| ICR mice | s.c. | 4 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 4 days followed by 8 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 4 days | [92] | |
| p.o. | 10 mg/kg BW, single dose | [143] | ||
| 5 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 3 days | [144] | |||
| Kunming mice | i.g. | 1.5 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 15 days | [145] | |
| Swiss albino mice | p.o. | 5 mg/kg BW, single dose | [146] | |
| 3-5 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 3-6 days | [93,94,147] | |||
| Diphenoxylate | Sprague-Dawley rats | p.o. | 5 mg/kg BW, single dose | [95] |
| i.g. | 10 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 20 days | [148] | ||
| Wister rats | i.g. | 8 mg/kg BW, single dose | [79] | |
| C57BL/6J mice | i.g. | 5 mg/kg BW, for 1 week | [96] | |
| ICR mice | p.o. | ICR mice (6-8-week-old; 18-22 g): 50 mg/kg BW, single dose | [149] | |
| i.g. | ICR mice (18-22 g): 50 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 7 days | [100] | ||
| Kunming mice | p.o. | 30 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 3 days | [99] | |
| i.g. | 10 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 5-14 days | [97,98] | ||
| 10 mg/kg BW, twice daily, for 2 weeks | [150] | |||
| Montmorillonite | Kunming mice | Unspecified | 30 mg/kg BW, once daily, for 3 days | [103,104] |
| Clonidine | Wistar rats | i.p. | 2 mg/kg BW, single dose | [107] |
| Slc:ddY mice | s.c. | 0.03 mg/kg BW, single dose | [106] |
Abbreviations: BW, body weight; i.g., intragastric administration; i.p., intraperitoneal injection; p.o., per oral; s.c., subcutaneous injection.