Table 3.

Summary of standard laxative drugs commonly used as a positive control in constipation models

Experimental model	Positive control	Animal strain	Dose and period of usage	References
Screening models
Isolated organ bath system	None			[31,32,151-154]
	Bisacodyl	Isolated rat colon	0.025 mg/ml	[56]
	Carbachol	Isolated rat ileum	0.001-100 μM	[94,155,156]
		Isolated rat colon	10 μM	[142]
		Isolated mouse colon	1 μM	[144]
		Isolated rabbit jejunum	0.3 μM	[29]
In vivo fecal assessment	None			[74,109,137,142,145]
	Bisacodyl	Wister rats	0.25 mg/kg BW, i.g.	[114]
		Swiss albino mice	5 mg/kg BW, p.o., single dose	[115]
	Carbachol	BALB/c mice	1 mg/kg BW, p.o., single dose	[29,78]
			1 mg/kg BW, i.p., single dose	[86]
		Swiss albino mice	1 mg/kg BW, i.p., single dose	[157]
	Lactulose	BALB/c mice	30 mg/kg BW, p.o., single dose	[158]
	Sodium picosulfate	Sprague-Dawley rats	25 mg/kg BW, p.o., single dose	[159]
		Swiss albino mice	5 mg/kg BW, p.o., single dose	[146]
	Castor oil	Swiss albino mice	0.3 ml/animal, p.o., single dose	[160]
		Unspecified mouse strain	10 ml/kg BW, i.g., single dose	[154]
Intestinal transit assay	None			[54,72,74,77,81,94-97,103,104,109,111,142,143,145,161,162]
	Bisacodyl	Sprague-Dawley rats	5 mg/kg BW, p.o., single dose	[56]
			3.3-5.5 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 2-4 weeks	[44,82,84,85]
		Wister rats	0.21 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 7 days	[80]
			20 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 30 days	[79]
		Kunming mice	100 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 14 days	[163]
		Swiss albino mice	5 mg/kg BW, p.o., single dose	[115]
	Carbachol	BALB/c mice	1 mg/kg BW, p.o., single dose	[78]
			1 mg/kg BW, i.p., single dose	[29]
		Swiss albino mice	1 mg/kg BW, i.p., single dose	[157]
	Lactulose	Sprague-Dawley rats	4-8% in drinking water for 4 weeks	[134]
		BALB/c mice	10 mg/ml in drinking water for 2 weeks	[87]
		ICR mice	500 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 14 days	[144]
	Sodium picosulfate	Sprague-Dawley rats	5 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 6 days	[83]
	Castor oil	Swiss albino mice	0.3 ml/animal, p.o., single dose	[146,160]
	Phenolphthalein	BALB/c mice	70 mg/kg BW, i.g., once daily, for 17 days	[43]
		Kunming mice	70 mg/kg BW, i.g., once daily, for 14 days	[98]
	Yohimbine	Wistar rats	1-2 mg/kg BW, i.p., single dose	[89,90,107,138]
Confirmation models
Loperamide-induced constipation	None			[32,53,54,72,74-77,81,86,88,92,94,109-111,138,141,143,161]
	Bisacodyl	Sprague-Dawley rats	3.3-5.5 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 2-4 weeks	[44,82,84,85]
		Wistar rats	0.21 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 7 days	[80]
	Lactulose	Sprague-Dawley rats	4-8% in drinking water for 4 weeks	[134]
		BALB/c mice	10 mg/ml in drinking water for 2 weeks	[87]
		ICR mice	500 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 14 days	[144]
	Sodium picosulfate	Sprague-Dawley rats	5 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 6 days	[83]
	Castor oil	Wistar rats	2 ml/kg BW, i.g., once for 9 hours	[140]
	Phenolphthalein	BALB/c mice	70 mg/kg BW, i.g., once daily, for 17 days	[43]
	Yohimbine	Wistar rats	2 mg/kg BW, i.p., once daily, for 5 days	[89,90]
Diphenoxylate-induced constipation	None			[95-97]
	Bisacodyl	Wister rats	20 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 30 days	[79]
		Kunming mice	100 mg/kg BW, i.g., once daily, for 14 days	[99]
	Phenolphthalein	Kunming mice	70 mg/kg BW, i.g., once daily, for 14 days	[98]
			400 mg/kg BW, i.g., twice daily, for 14 days	[150]
Montmorillonite-induced constipation	None			[103,104]
Clonidine-induced constipation	None			[91]
Low-fiber diet-induced constipation	None			[55]
	Bisacodyl	Sprague-Dawley rats	2.5 mg/kg BW, p.o., once daily, for 3 days	[56]
Ice-cold saline-induced constipation	None			[15,57,58]

Abbreviations: BW, body weight; i.g., intragastric administration; i.p., intraperitoneal injection; p.o., per oral; s.c., subcutaneous injection.