Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by oral health status in the CKB study.
| Characteristics | Overall | Normal | Gum bleeding | Rarely or never brush teeth |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant, N | 510,148 | 434,254 | 27,218 | 48,676 |
| Age (year), median (range) | 51 (30–80) | 51 (30–80) | 47 (30–78) | 60 (30–80) |
| Sex, N (%) | ||||
| Men | 209,236 (41.01) | 176,849 (40.72) | 7831 (28.77) | 24,556 (50.45) |
| Women | 300,912 (58.99) | 257,405 (59.28) | 19,387 (71.23) | 24,120 (49.55) |
| Baseline BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2) | 23.66±3.38 | 23.7 ± 3.36 | 23.75±3.31 | 23.21±3.58 |
| Study sitea | ||||
| Urban | 224,769 (44.06) | 205,000 (47.21) | 14,062 (51.66) | 5707 (11.72) |
| Rural | 285,379 (55.94) | 229,254 (52.79) | 13,156 (48.34) | 42,969 (88.28) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Currently married | 462,219 (90.6) | 396,437 (91.29) | 25,295 (92.93) | 40,487 (83.18) |
| Other | 47,929 (9.40) | 37,817 (8.71) | 1923 (7.07) | 8189 (16.82) |
| Educational levels | ||||
| No formal school | 94,729 (18.57) | 73,026 (16.82) | 4737 (17.40) | 16,966 (34.85) |
| Primary or middle school | 164,277 (32.20) | 138,000 (31.78) | 7536 (27.69) | 18,741 (38.50) |
| High school and above | 251,142 (49.23) | 223,228 (51.40) | 14,945 (54.91) | 12,969 (26.64) |
| Household income, ¥ per year | ||||
| < ¥10,000 | 143,993 (28.23) | 112,159 (25.83) | 7392 (27.16) | 24,442 (50.21) |
| ¥10,000–19,999 | 148,179 (29.05) | 125,135 (28.82) | 7590 (27.89) | 15,454 (31.75) |
| ¥20,000–34,999 | 126,078 (24.71) | 113,120 (26.05) | 6966 (25.59) | 5992 (12.31) |
| ≥ ¥35,000 | 91,898 (18.01) | 83,840 (19.31) | 5270 (19.36) | 2788 (5.73) |
| Physical activity (MET hr/day)b | 17.53 (10.38, 30.08) | 17.8 (10.67, 30.24) | 20.7 (12.22, 32.67) | 13.18 (8.4, 25.26) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | 315,830 (62.01) | 270,300 (62.34) | 20,081 (73.90) | 25,449 (52.36) |
| Former smoker | 42,909 (8.42) | 35,219 (8.12) | 2177 (8.01) | 5513 (11.34) |
| Occasional smoker | 22,815 (4.48) | 18,869 (4.35) | 1376 (5.06) | 2570 (5.29) |
| Regular smoker | 127,785 (25.09) | 109,170 (25.18) | 3539 (13.02) | 15,076 (31.02) |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| Non-drinker | 233,761 (45.82) | 203,298 (46.82) | 12,599 (46.29) | 17,864 (36.70) |
| Former drinker | 9083 (1.78) | 7928 (1.83) | 308 (1.13) | 847 (1.74) |
| Occasional drinker | 174,008 (34.11) | 142,157 (32.74) | 9725 (35.73) | 22,126 (45.46) |
| Regular drinker | 93,296 (18.29) | 80,871 (18.62) | 4586 (16.85) | 7839 (16.10) |
| Red meat | ||||
| Rarely or never | 149,196 (29.25) | 136,211 (31.37) | 9292 (34.14) | 3693 (7.59) |
| <1 day/month | 91,476 (17.93) | 83,214 (19.16) | 4581 (16.83) | 3681 (7.56) |
| 1–3 days/week | 181,266 (35.53) | 154,681 (35.62) | 9677 (35.55) | 16,908 (34.74) |
| 4–6 days/week | 63,861 (12.52) | 45,372 (10.45) | 2600 (9.55) | 15,889 (32.64) |
| Daily | 24,349 (4.77) | 14,776 (3.40) | 1068 (3.92) | 8505 (17.47) |
| Vegetable | ||||
| Rarely or never | 483,463 (94.77) | 412,537 (95.00) | 25,933 (95.28) | 44,993 (92.43) |
| <1 day/month | 18,004 (3.53) | 14,886 (3.43) | 880 (3.23) | 2238 (4.60) |
| 1–3 days/week | 7161 (1.40) | 5829 (1.34) | 334 (1.23) | 998 (2.05) |
| 4–6 days/week | 1393 (0.27) | 905 (0.21) | 66 (0.24) | 422 (0.87) |
| Daily | 127 (0.02) | 97 (0.02) | 5 (0.02) | 25 (0.05) |
| Fruit | ||||
| Rarely or never | 95,880 (18.79) | 87,175 (20.07) | 6136 (22.54) | 2569 (5.28) |
| <1 day/month | 47,746 (9.36) | 43,146 (9.94) | 2801 (10.29) | 1799 (3.70) |
| 1–3 days/week | 160,630 (31.49) | 142,838 (32.89) | 8866 (32.57) | 8926 (18.34) |
| 4–6 days/week | 173,310 (33.97) | 138,506 (31.90) | 7872 (28.92) | 26,932 (55.33) |
| Daily | 32,582 (6.39) | 22,589 (5.20) | 1543 (5.67) | 8450 (17.36) |
| Aspirin Prescription | 5344 (1.05) | 4363 (1.00) | 246 (0.90) | 735 (1.51) |
| Menopause statusc | ||||
| Premenopausal | 128,510 (25.19) | 113,942 (26.24) | 10,681 (39.25) | 3887 (7.99) |
| Perimenopausal | 14,768 (2.90) | 12,889 (2.97) | 1022 (3.76) | 857 (1.76) |
| Postmenopausal | 157,587 (30.89) | 130,529 (30.06) | 7682 (28.23) | 19,376 (39.81) |
| History of diabetes | 30,007 (5.88) | 25,356 (5.84) | 1468 (5.39) | 3183 (6.54) |
BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation; MET: metabolic equivalent of task.
a
2.54% urban residents and 15.06% rural residents rarely or never brushed teeth, respectively.
b
median (the 25th quartile, the 75th quartile).
c
in women only.