Table 2.
Associations between oral health status and risk of total and site-specific cancer in the CKB cohort.
| Cancer site | Cases/ Incidence ratea | Casesb | Cancer Incidence, adjusted HR (95% CI)c |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor oral health | Gum bleeding | Rarely or never brush teeth | |||
| Total cancer | 23,805/5.23 | 19,367/958/3480 | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) |
| Lung | 5007/1.09 | 4160/163/684 | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.00 (0.86–1.18) | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) |
| Breast (females) | 2025/0.74 | 1781/131/113 | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) |
| Stomach | 2964/0.64 | 2253/101/610 | 1.10 (1.00–1.22) | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) |
| Esophageal | 2119/0.46 | 1178/37/904 | 1.19 (1.07–1.33) | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | 1.27 (1.13–1.43) |
| Liver | 2565/0.56 | 2034/136/395 | 1.18 (1.06–1.32) | 1.56 (1.31–1.86) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) |
| Colorectal | 2678/0.58 | 2331/97/250 | 0.83 (0.73–0.93) | 0.87 (0.71–1.07) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) |
| Cervis uteri | 987/0.36 | 886/50/51 | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 1.04 (0.78–1.40) | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) |
| Pancreas | 706/0.15 | 585/26/95 | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 0.89 (0.60–1.33) | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) |
| Head & neck | 614/0.13 | 536/28/50 | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 1.08 (0.73–1.58) | 1.10 (0.79–1.54) |
| Leukemia and lymphoma | 1239/0.27 | 1080/51/108 | 0.86 (0.71–1.03) | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 0.80 (0.63–1.00) |
| Cancer site | Deaths/ Mortality ratea | Deathsb | Cancer Mortality, adjusted HR (95% CI)b | ||
| Poor oral health | Gum bleeding | Rarely or never brush teeth | |||
| Total cancer | 11,973/2.60 | 9272/419/2282 | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) |
| Lung | 3213/0.70 | 2637/91/485 | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) |
| Breast (females) | 262/0.10 | 217/17/28 | 1.22 (0.86–1.73) | 1.18 (0.72–1.94) | 1.25 (0.78–1.99) |
| Stomach | 1594/0.35 | 1159/48/387 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | 1.01 (0.75–1.35) | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) |
| Esophageal | 1238/0.27 | 679/26/533 | 1.29 (1.12–1.49) | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | 1.34 (1.16–1.56) |
| Liver | 1826/0.40 | 1413/89/324 | 1.20 (1.05–1.36) | 1.50 (1.21–1.87) | 1.10 (0.94–1.27) |
| Colorectal | 855/0.19 | 715/28/112 | 0.90 (0.73–1.10) | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) |
| Cervis uteri | 158/0.06 | 134/11/13 | 1.23 (0.77–1.96) | 1.62 (0.87–3.04) | 0.97 (0.52–1.83) |
| Pancreas | 500/0.11 | 409/17/74 | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 0.80 (0.49–1.33) | 0.99 (0.75–1.33) |
| Head & neck | 171/0.04 | 140/7/24 | 1.17 (0.76–1.81) | 1.12 (0.52–2.41) | 1.19 (0.72–1.99) |
| Leukemia and lymphoma | 400/0.09 | 347/12/41 | 0.78 (0.57–1.08) | 0.70 (0.39–1.25) | 0.82 (0.56–1.20) |
Incidence or mortality rate per 1000 person-years.
The number of cases or deaths in normal oral health group/gum bleeding group/ rarely or never brushing teeth group.
The reference category was “Normal oral health”. Cox regression model was adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), body mass index (BMI, continuous), study sites (10 sites), education level (no formal school, primary or middle school, high school and above), marital status (married, other), household income per year (< ¥10,000, ¥10,000–19,999, ¥20,000–34,999, or ≥ ¥35,000), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, occasional drinker, former drinker, or regular drinker), smoking status (never smoker, occasional smoker, former smoker, or regular smoker), physical activity in metabolic equivalent tasks (MET) hours a day (continuous), aspirin prescription for CVD (no, yes, or missing), menopausal status (pre-menopausal or post-menopausal, women only), personal history of diabetes (no, yes), and family history of cancer (no, yes). The HRs for poor oral health, gum bleeding and rarely or never brush teeth were calculated according to independent models.