Table 5.
Outcomes from included studies (N=17).
| Study | Outcome | Study quality rating | Hedges g | P value | Intervention effect |
| Cain et al [61] | Insomnia | 3 | 0.576 | .06 | The study was marginally significant in reducing insomnia symptoms following the intervention for women in the CBT-Ia group. |
| Felder et al [57] | Insomnia | 3 | 0.688 | <.001 | Results from the study found those who received digital CBT-I experienced significantly greater reductions in insomnia symptom severity compared with women in the control group. |
| Kalmbach et al [60] | Insomnia | 1 | 0.403 | .06 | CBT-I patients reported lower insomnia symptoms on the ISIb and PSQIc after treatment than controls; however, this was marginally significant. |
| Heller et al [52] | Anxiety and depression | 1 | Anxiety: 0.076; depression: –0.10 | Anxiety: .70; depression: .96 | No significant differences were found between the intervention group and the control group for both anxiety and depression. |
| Chan et al [62] | Anxiety and depression | 1 | Anxiety: –0.045; depression: 0.219 | Anxiety: .56; depression: .02 | Scores of depression significantly decreased in the intervention group when compared with the control group; however, scores of anxiety did not significantly decrease when comparing the intervention group with the control group. |
| Duffecy et al [56] | Depression | 3 | 0.696 | .29 | Study results participants in the web-based intervention had reduced scores of depression when compared with the control group; however, this was not significant. |
| Haga et al [55] | Depression | 1 | 0.121 | .03 | At all 4 follow-up time points of this study, pregnant people participating in the Mamma Mia had significantly lower depressive scores in comparison with the control group. |
| Yang et al [63] | Anxiety and depression | 2 | Anxiety: 0.868; depression: 0.933 | Anxiety: <.001; depression: <.001 | In comparison with the control group who had received in-person treatment, the participants belonging to the WeChat intervention reported significant reduction in anxiety and depressive scores. |
| Krusche et al [53] | Anxiety and depression | 1 | Anxiety: 0.641; depression: 0.677 | Anxiety: .02; depression: .01 | There was a significant reduction in scores between intervention and waitlist groups, regarding anxiety and depressive symptoms. |
| Loughnan et al [54] | Anxiety and depression | 0 | Anxiety: 0.588; depression: 0.300 | Anxiety: .01; depression: .19 | The analysis indicates that the iCBTd group demonstrated no significant group by time interactions for depression symptom reduction. However, the iCBT group showed significantly reduced anxiety symptoms. |
| Dennis-Tiwary et al [58] | Anxiety and depression | 1 | Anxiety: –0.305; depression: 0.068 | Anxiety: .40; depression: .85 | Results found that individuals in the ABMTe group did not show significant improvements in anxiety and depression. |
| Sun et al [64] | Anxiety and depression | 2 | Anxiety: 0.182; depression: 0.155 | Anxiety: .24; depression: .08 | Mindfulness training participants reported a decreased risk of positive depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms in comparison with controls; however, this was not significant. |
| Forsell et al [65] | Depression | 1 | 0.739 | .02 | Depression symptoms significantly decreased in the intervention group compared with the control group. |
| Scherer et al [51] | Anxiety | 0 | 0.096 | .71 | Levels of stress and anxiety did not significantly decrease in the intervention group when compared with the control group. |
| Barrera et al [59] | Depression | 3 | –0.425 | .16 | Following the intervention, depression scores in the intervention group did not statistically differ from the control group. |
| Hanprasertpong et al [66] | Anxiety | 3 | 0.010 | .93 | Anxiety following the intervention was reduced significantly in both groups in comparison with baseline; however, no significant differences existed among groups after the intervention. |
| Jareethum et al [67] | Anxiety | 3 | 0.624 | .02 | In comparison with the control group who received treatment as usual, women receiving SMS text messages during the antenatal period demonstrated significantly decreased levels of anxiety. |
aCBT-I: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.
bISI: Insomnia Severity Index.
cPSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
diCBT: internet-based CBT.
eABMT: attention bias modification training.