Table 2.
Doses and routes of administration in different species.
| Species | References | Threshold dose | Effective dose | High dose | LD50 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goldfish | Abramson et al. (1979) | NA | 5 µg IC for a 1.5–3 g fish | NA | NA |
| Mouse* | Jiang et al. (2016a, 2016b); Winter et al. (2011); Martin et al. (1985); Moser and Redfern (1985); Gillin et al. (1976); Ho et al. (1970); Benington et al. (1965) | NA | 0.3–5 mg/kg IP, SC | >8 mg/kg IP, IV >32 mg/kg IP toxicity |
75–115 mg/kg IP 48 mg/kg IV 113 mg/kg SC 278 mg/kg O |
| Rat* | Halberstadt et al. (2008, 2012); Krebs-Thomson (2006); Critchley and Handley (1987); Winter and Petti (1987); Gudelsky et al. (1986); Tricklebank et al. (1985); Trulson and MacKenzie (1981); Bedard and Pycock (1977) | <0.1 mg/kg IP, SC | 0.5–2 mg/kg IP, SC | >3 mg/kg IP | NA |
| Gerbil | Eison and Wright (1992) | 0.5 mg/kg SC | NA | 8 mg/kg SC | NA |
| Guinea-pig | Evenden (1994); Nielsen (1998) | NA | 1–10 mg/kg SC | NA | NA |
| Hamster | Richter and Löscher (1995) | NA | 1–4 mg/kg IP | >5 mg/kg IP | NA |
| Rabbit | Romano et al. (2010) | NA | 0.29 mg/kg | NA | NA |
| Cat | Trulson and Jacobs (1979); Benington et al. (1965) | 0.025 mg/kg IM | 0.25–0.5 mg/kg IM 0.1–0.3 IV |
>1–5 mg/kg IM, IV, | 15 mg/kg IM |
| Dog | Gessner et al. (1961) | NA | 0.1 mg/kg IV | NA | NA |
| Sheep | Bourke et al. (1990); Bourke et al. (1988); Gillin et al. (1976); Gallagher et al. (1964) | 0.02 mg/kg IV >18 mg/kg O |
0.1–0.7 mg/kg IV 40 mg/kg O |
>1 mg/kg IV >40 mg/kg O |
1–5 mg/kg IV 1–2 mg/kg SC 85 mg/kg O |
| Pig | Löscher et al. (1990) | NA | 0.5–1.8 mg/kg IV | NA | NA |
| Grivet monkey | Nielsen (1985) | NA | 0.45 mg/kg SC | NA | NA |
| Stumptail macaque monkey | Schlemmer and Davis (1981, 1981); Schlemmer et al. (1977) | 0.05 mg/kg IM | 0.1–0.25 mg/kg IM | NA | NA |
| Rhesus monkey | Gillin et al. (1976) | >0.1 mg/kg IV | 0.25 mg/kg IV | 8–16 mg/kg IV | NA |
| Human | Erowid (2021); Metzner (2013); Shulgin and Shulgin (1997); Ott (2001); Davis et al. (2018); Uthaug et al. (2020a) | 1–2 mg S 3–5 mg IN 0.25 mg IV |
2–10 mg S 5–15 mg IN 10 mg SL 10–30 mg O 0.5–2 mg IV 1.4–10 mg IM |
10–20 mg S 10–25 mg IN >30 mg O >2 mg IV |
NA |
IC: intracranial; IM: intramuscular; IN: intranasal; IP: intraperitoneal; IV: intravenous; MAOI: monoamine oxidase inhibitor; NA: information not available; O: oral; S: smoked or vapourised; SC: subcutaneous; SL: sublingual.
Minimal (or threshold) dose is defined as the dose after which any difference in behaviour or physiology compared to baseline is observed. Effective dose is defined in a similar way to ED50 and reliably produces hallucinogenic-like and other characteristic behavioural effects in animal models. High dose is the one leading to marked serotonin syndrome or other serious adverse effects. Note that these dose ranges are an approximation, depend on particular behaviour/task, and in some species based on only one or two studies and drug administrations. The species differences could be due to the pharmacokinetics and metabolism differences, as well as the physiology of the specific animal models. It is also likely that direct mg/kg comparison is not appropriate across species and interspecies scaling factor is necessary for the meaningful comparison.
Representative references, selecting studies containing multiple doses.