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. 2022 Mar 8;12:4080. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08066-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Early IFN-β administration increased survival rates of CS-exposed IAV-infected mice. (A) Schematic of the experimental plan on CS exposure, early or late IFN-β administration and IAV infection. Mortality (B) and body weights (C) during lethal IAV infection (1000 PFU/mouse) in IFN-β administrated mice. Mortality (D) and body weights (E) during lethal IAV infection (500 PFU/mouse) in IFN-β administrated CS mice. The mice were exposed to CS for 6 weeks. Then, the mice were treated with IFN-β (2000 U) intranasally either early (at 1 day before and 1 day after IAV infection) or late (at day 3 and 4 after IAV infection) in a total volume of 50 μl in 0.1%BSA/PBS. Mortality and body weights were monitored daily. Body weight data were normalized to each mouse’s starting body weight. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 11 for CS group in B and C, n = 10 for other groups). # denotes significant survival rate difference between the CS and CS-Early IFN groups, p < 0.05. * denotes significant weight loss difference between the CS and CS-Early IFN groups, p < 0.05.