Table 2.

The impact mechanism of gut microbiota-targeted treatment in IBD.

Microbiota-targeted treatment	Impact mechanism	Reference
Probiotics (E. coli Nissle 1917)	Biofilm forming to inhibit pathogenic bacteria	(Sassone-Corsi et al., 2016; Scaldaferri et al., 2016; Praveschotinunt et al., 2019; Dore et al., 2020; Nishida et al., 2021)
FMT	Restore intestinal mucosal homeostasis	(Colman and Rubin, 2014; Costea et al., 2017; Nishida et al., 2017; Ishikawa et al., 2018; Goyal et al., 2018; Allegretti et al., 2019; Caruso et al., 2020; Ng et al., 2020; Chu et al., 2021; Saha et al., 2021)
Anti-TNF	Inhibiting the inflammation of TNF	(Aden et al., 2019; Zhuang et al., 2020)
Diet (EEN)	Change the composition of the microbiota	(Heerasing et al., 2017; Lewis and Abreu, 2017; Levine et al., 2018; Pigneur et al., 2019; Jongsma et al., 2020)
Vedolizumab	Inhibit the migration of lymphocytes from vascular endothelium to intestine	(Stevens et al., 2017; Fleisher et al., 2018)
Gut-103 and Gut-108	Deficient microbiota supplement	(van der Lelie et al., 2021)
HABN	Protect the epithelial cells of colon	(Lee et al., 2020)
Mongersen	target SMAD7	(Monteleone et al., 2015)
Ustekinumab	Target IL-12 and IL-23	(Feagan et al., 2016; Bradley, 2017)
Tofacitinib, Filgotinib, and Upadacitinib	Target Janus kinases	(Hanauer et al., 2020; Feagan et al., 2021; Parigi et al., 2021)
Tungstate	inhibit the proliferation of Enterobacteriaceae	(Zhu et al., 2018)

FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; Anti-TNF, anti-tumor necrosis factor; EEN. Exclusive enteral nutrition; HABN, Hyaluronic acid-coated bilirubin nanodrug.