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. 2022 Mar 8:1–16. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-02892-8

Table 4.

Odds of risk of exercise addiction with selected socio-demographics in a Saudi Arabian sample

Determinant Adjusted
Odds ratio (AOR)
95% C.I p-value
Lower Upper
Marital status p < .001
Unmarried 0.03 0.005 0.27 p < .01
Married 0.003 0.001 0.04 p < .001
Divorced Ref
Monthly income (Saudi Riyals/month) p < .001
 < 5,000 0.17 0.02 1.76 0.14
5,001–10,000 0.02 0.002 0.12 p < .001
10,001–15,000 1.45 0.33 6.45 0.62
 > 15,000 Ref
Importance of body image p < .01
Not that important 0.02 0.002 0.25 p < .01
Important 0.15 0.03 0.76 p < .05
Very important Ref
Exercise type p < .05
Walking and cycling 0.08 0.009 0.68 p < .05
Walking, running and cycling 0.21 0.03 1.32 0.10
Walking, running, cycling and cardio 0.03 0.001 0.82 p < .05
Cardio and swimming 1.18 0.10 13.43 0.89
Swimming 0.051 0.001 1.825 0.10
Cardio and weight training Ref

C.I. = Confidence Interval; Variables that were included in the multivariable binary logistic regression model were marital status, monthly income, importance of body image, and type of exercise. Risk of exercise addiction was the outcome variable