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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 8.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2019 Dec 23;183:109075. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109075

Table 3.

Analysis of behavior scores relative to clinical thresholds.

Adjustment modela Odds of externalizing t-score >63 with prenatal higher exposure Odds of externalizing t-score >63 with higher postnatal exposure
Prenatal NO2 Prenatal PM10 Prenatal Proximity to road Postnatal NO2 Postnatal PM10 Postnatal proximity to road
ORb 95% CI ORb 95% CI OR 95% CI ORb 95% CI ORb 95% CI OR 95% CI
Model 1 1.35 1.06 1.72 0.88 0.71 1.09 1.24 0.65 2.35 1.55 1.03 2.32 1.04 0.74 1.48 0.90 0.78 1.04
Model 2 1.40 1.09 1.80 0.89 0.71 1.11 NA NA NA 1.63 1.07 2.49 1.08 0.75 1.56 NA NA NA
Model 3 1.57 1.02 2.40 0.76 0.50 1.17 1.31 0.62 2.78 1.96 1.03 3.71 0.87 0.46 1.64 0.96 0.84 1.10
Model 4 1.67 1.02 2.74 0.79 0.49 1.26 1.14 0.52 2.51 1.55 0.82 2.96 0.70 0.33 1.50 0.94 0.82 1.08
Model 5 (with adjustment for postnatal exposure) 1.07 0.67 1.71 0.77 0.47 1.25 1.21 0.54 2.74 1.67 0.82 3.40 1.00 0.46 2.19 0.99 0.84 1.16
Adjustment modela Odds of internalizing t-score >63 with prenatal higher exposure Odds of internalizing t-score >63 with higher postnatal exposure
Prenatal NO2 Prenatal PM10 Prenatal Proximity to road Postnatal NO2 Postnatal PM10 Postnatal proximity to road
ORb 95% CI ORb 95% CI OR 95% CI ORb 95% CI ORb 95% CI OR 95% CI
Model 1 1.02 0.96 1.07 1.00 0.95 1.05 0.86 0.75 0.98 1.06 0.70 1.59 0.95 0.65 1.39 0.61 0.30 1.22
Model 2 1.02 0.97 1.07 1.00 0.95 1.06 NA NA NA 1.15 0.75 1.77 0.96 0.65 1.42 NA NA NA
Model 3 1.03 0.97 1.08 1.01 0.95 1.08 0.89 0.79 1.02 1.21 0.66 2.22 0.70 0.39 1.27 0.74 0.35 1.57
Model 4 1.02 0.97 1.09 1.01 0.94 1.07 0.88 0.77 1.00 1.04 0.58 1.88 0.64 0.35 1.19 0.66 0.29 1.46
Model 5 (with adjustment for postnatal exposure) 0.97 0.90 1.05 0.98 0.90 1.07 0.91 0.78 1.05 1.14 0.45 2.93 0.90 0.34 2.36 0.92 0.38 2.23
a

Model 1 is adjusted for child age and sex. Model 2 includes covariates in Model 1 plus temporal splines (NO2 and PM10 only). Model 3 includes covariates in Model 2 plus maternal characteristics (age, race, education, prenatal smoking, prenatal depression, IQ), breastfeeding, neighbourhood COI (postnatal economics score & educational score), insurance status, adjusted household income, child sleep score at assessment and birth order. Model 4 includes covariates in Model 3 plus paternal education, maternal BMI, prenatal vitamin use, marital status and KIDI score. Model 5 is adjusted for all covariates in Model 3 plus postnatal exposure for analyses of prenatal exposure and vice versa.

b

Odds ratios are scaled to a 2 unit increase in NO2 or PM10.