Exhibit 1:
Medicare patient characteristics: robust versus mixed versus limited capability physician practice locations
| Patient characteristics | All beneficiaries (n = 1,511,938) | Patients of robust practices (n = 481,454) | Patients of mixed practices (n = 423,484) | Patients of limited practices (n = 607,000) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean) | 75.0 | 75.0 | 75.0 | 74.9 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White (%) | 87.8 | 86.1 | 87.8 | 89.2 |
| Black (%) | 5.8 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.6 |
| Asian (%) | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
| Hispanic (%) | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Other (%) | 3.7 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 3.3 |
| Female (%) | 58.3 | 58 | 58.4 | 58.6 |
| CMS-HCC RAF score (mean) | 1.01 | 1.032 | 1.008 | 0.994 |
| Any mental illness (%) | 18.2 | 18.5 | 18.3 | 17.8 |
| Frail elder (%) | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.3 |
| Dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid (%) | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.1 |
| High-poverty ZIP code (%) | 15.4 | 16.2 | 14.7 | 15.3 |
| Median household income of ZIP code ($) | 61,711 | 63,390 | 61,214 | 60,727 |
| Deceased during 2017 (%) | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 |
SOURCE Authors’ analysis of claims data of 2017 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries. NOTES We conducted t-tests to compare means of the following combinations of practice capabilities: mixed versus robust, limited versus robust, and mixed versus limited. p < 0.001 for all comparisons between robust and limited practices; p < 0.05 for all other comparisons except the difference in age between mixed and robust practices, difference in Hispanic between mixed and limited practices, difference in percent female between mixed and limited practices, and difference in percent dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid between mixed and robust practices. A full version of this exhibit with t-test results is available in online appendix A5 (see note 11 in text). CMS-HCC RAF Score is Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hierarchical Condition Category risk adjustment factor score.