. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 8.

Published in final edited form as: Health Aff (Millwood). 2022 Mar;41(3):414–423. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00302

Exhibit 3:

Association of physician practice location capabilities and Medicare patient characteristics with process measures of quality, utilization, and total spending

Practice and patient characteristics	Quality measures			Utilization measures			Total spending
Practice and patient characteristics	Mammography screening	Hemoglobin A1c test	Blood lipid test	All-cause 30-day readmission	Hospitalization for ACSC	Unnecessary ED visit	Total spending
Practice (n)	1,759	1,740	1,740	1,721	1,772	1,772	1,772
Patient (n)	471,435	204,805	204,797	150,637	1,511,866	1,511,866	1,504,610
Practice characteristics
Practice capabilities
Robust (reference)	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a
Mixed	−0.0063	0.0267	0.0201	−0.011	0.0345	0.01	0.0522^****
Limited	−0.0325	−0.0718	−0.0489	0.009	0.0081	0.0081	0.0429^***
Specialty mix
No specialists (reference)	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a
Low	−0.191^****	−0.158^**	−0.172^**	0.0234	0.0813^**	0.119^****	−0.04
Moderate	−0.0914	−0.251^***	−0.421^****	0.0004	0.0946^**	0.143^****	−0.0943^****
High	−0.0259	−0.209^**	−0.341	−0.0171	0.0766	0.154^****	0.0243
Employed primary care physician (%)	0.158^**	0.143	−0.102	−0.0824	−0.113	0.0356	−0.0657^*
Total physicians (standardized)	0.168^****	0.0457	0.061	−0.0533^*	−0.1^**	−0.106^***	−0.006
Total advanced practice providers (NP/PA/CNS) (standardized)	−0.13^***	−0.154^**	−0.205^***	0.0684^***	0.0498	0.108^***	−0.0044
System or group-owned (versus independent)	0.0655^*	0.0255	0.018	0.0182^*	−0.0261	−0.0001	−0.0512^***
Patient characteristics
Age (standardized)	−0.0715^****	0.0599^**	0.0477^***	0.0073^*	0.368^****	0.223^****	0.016^****
Female	—^b	0.194^****	0.0686^****	0.0542^****	0.0968^****	0.173^****	0.0687^****
Race and ethnicity
White (reference)	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a
Black	0.144^****	−0.113^****	−0.199^****	−0.0499^*	0.172^****	0.465^****	−0.174^****
Asian	−0.284^****	0.0634	0.0333	−0.168^**	−0.176^***	−0.0457	−0.313^****
Hispanic	−0.137^***	−0.066	−0.164^***	−0.00737	−0.0503	0.382^****	−0.260^****
Other	−0.00416	0.0292	0.0224	−0.0759	−0.08^***	−0.121^****	−0.131^****
CMS-HCC RAF score	−0.274^****	−0.164^****	−0.185^****	0.374^****	0.812^****	0.28^****	0.796^****
Mental illness diagnosis	−0.0297^**	−0.0814^****	−0.0716^****	0.261^****	0.643^****	0.486^****	0.495^****
Frail elder	−0.0092	−0.0206	−0.927^***	0.266^****	0.277^****	0.191^****	0.621^****
Dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid (%)	−0.478^****	0.0382	−0.0662^**	0.0569	0.266^****	0.281^****	−0.18^****
High poverty ZIP code	−0.0495^****	−0.0416	−0.0308	−0.0487	−0.0026	0.0078	−0.0195^****
Median household income of ZIP code (standardized)	0.0688^****	0.0231	0.0329^***	−0.0625^****	−0.0858^****	−0.0547^****	0.0153^****
Deceased	−0.815^****	−1.576^****	−1.485^****	0.623^****	−0.193^****	−0.0878^****	0.624^****

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of claims data of 2017 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, 2017/18 National Survey of Healthcare Organizations and Systems, and the 2016 IQVIA OneKey Database. NOTES Reference categories are left blank since these are the categories against which the other variables shown are being compared. ACSC is ambulatory care–sensitive condition. ED is emergency department. NP is nurse practitioner. PA is physician assistant. CNS is clinical nurse specialist. CMS-HCC RAF score is Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hierarchical Condition Category risk adjustment factor score.

^aReference.

^bNot applicable.

*p < 0.1,

**p < 0.05,

***p < 0.01,

****p < 0.001