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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 8.
Published in final edited form as: Ageing Res Rev. 2021 Oct 9;72:101485. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101485

Figure 4. Diverging effects of LMW-HA and HMW-HA in neurodegeneration and AD.

Figure 4.

In situations of ischemia, there is an increase in perivascular deposition of short HA polymers. HA interferes with OPC differentiation and remyelination. LMW-HA activates microglia via TLR4 and NFκB pathway, while HMW-HA blocks this activation. HMW-HA blocks cytotoxic effect of LMW-HA and is considered protective against neurodegeneration. Exogenous hyaluronidase (HYAL) treatment results in HA degradation and increased levels of GFAP and astrocyte stellation. Increased levels of astrocytic CD44 and overall HA amount have been reported in AD patients.