Table 1.

Genetically modified mouse models

Genetic manipulation	Peripheral Phenotype	CNS Phenotype (if reported)	Authors
HAS1 KO	Impedes formation of retrocalcaneal bursa	Mild seizure phenotype	Sikes et al., 2018; Arranz et al., 2014
HAS2 KO	Severe cardiac and vascular abnormalities; incompatible with normal embryonic development		Camenisch et al., 2000
Conditional HAS2 KO	Under Prx1-Cre: shortened limbs, duplicated proximal phalanges, abnormal growth plates, lack of formation of secondary ossification centers, defective synovial cavities	Under Nestin-Cre: mild seizure phenotype, reduction in cortical HA and lack of HA deposition in major fiber tracts	Matsumoto et al., 2009; Arranz et al., 2014
HAS3 KO	Protection from ventilator induced lung inflammation; protection from dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis	Seizures, reduction in HA content in hippocampus	Bai et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2015; Arranz et al., 2014
HAS1/3 KO	Abnormal and accelerated wound healing and enhanced inflammation around induced lesions		Mack et al., 2012;
HYAL1 KO	Mild mucopolysaccharidosis		Martin et al., 2008; Bourguignon et al., 2016
HYAL2 KO	Cranio-vertebral skeletal abnormalities, thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, HA content increase in plasma and liver		Jadin et al., 2008; Bourguignon et al., 2016
HYAL3 KO	No gross phenotypic change, normal HA levels in serum, but mild changes in alveolar structure		Atmuri et al., 2008