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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 8.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Biomater. 2020 May 16;111:129–140. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.047

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Schematic illustrations. a) Fabrication of ssDNA@CNT by ultra-sonication of ssDNA and CNTs. b) 3D scaffold–printing and subsequent ammonolysis and functionalization by ssDNA@CNT through electrostatic forces between positively charged 3D scaffold surfaces and negatively charged ssDNA@CNT composites. c) Enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenesis under electrical stimulation in the presence of ssDNA@CNTs.