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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 8.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Biomater. 2020 May 16;111:129–140. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.047

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

3D-printed scaffold fabrication and characterization. a) Schematic demonstration and b) photographs of 3D-PPFA scaffolds before and after functionalization with ssDNA, CNT, and ssDNA@CNT materials. c) SEM images of 3D-PPFA scaffolds before and after functionalization. d) Live/dead imaging and e) cell viability of MC3T3 pre-osteoblast cells after exposure to the scaffold leaching medium. f) Live/dead imaging of MC3T3 cells after direct seeding onto scaffold surfaces. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging of MC3T3 cells at g) 1 day and h) 7 days post-seeding on the scaffolds (red: F-actin; blue: cell nuclei). (i: 3D-PPFA; ii: 3D-PPFA-ssDNA; iii: 3D-PPFA-CNT; iv: 3D-PPFA-ssDNA@CNT). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)