Table 1.

Parameter settings.

Symbol	Parameter	Value
D x,y,z	real diffusion coefficient in 3D	0.01 μm2/s
L x,y,z	length of confined channel in 3D	500 nm
G	peak intensity	30 counts
N bgd	background intensity rate	10 counts
N	number of image frames/dataset	100
N sub	subsamples per image	100
NA	numerical aperture	1.2
P	number of pixels	121 pixels
Δx, Δy	effective pixel width	100 nm
δt	shutter period	10 ms
Δt	imaging period	100 ms
λ	emission wavelength	540 nm
r	radius of double-helix	300 nm
k	gain of z to θ in DH	−0.1π/180 rad
σ xy	width of PSF	234 nm