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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Early Child Res Q. 2022 Mar 7;60(3):201–213. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.02.003

Table 1.

Participant characteristics by cohort.

Cohort Number of Observations Mean (sd) Days Between Observations TH n / HL n CI n / HA n Female n / Male n Bilingual n / Monolingual n Mean (sd) Age* Mean (sd) Age of CI/HA** Mean (sd) Hearing Age*** Mean (sd) range PLS-5 AC scores Mean (sd) range PLS-5 EC scores
1 10 9.34 (3.50) 3 / 7 5 / 2 8 / 2 4 / 6 37.48 (2.55) 15.86 (4.71) 26.37 (9.32) 85.38 (26.73) 60–134 89.93 (34.87) 66–139
2 11 20.40 (10.49) 2 / 7 5 / 2 5 / 4 4 / 5 33.20 (2.64) 14.89 (6.36) 21.62 (9.16) 99.28 (23.16) 50–125 97.04 (17.81) 68–127
3 13 19.42 (14.99) 3 / 7 3 / 4 4 / 6 6 / 4 35.38 (5.05) 17.14 (7.86) 23.38 (8.01) 90.81 (23.16) 50–132 89.89 (25.82) 50–130
Total 34 17.37 (13.45) 8 / 21 13 / 8 17 / 12 14 / 15 35.68 (3.95) 16.08 (6.23) 24.04 (8.81) 92.68 (27.76) 50–134 92.53 (23.13) 50–139

Note. TH – typical hearing; HL – hearing loss; CI – cochlear implant; HA – hearing aid. Ages in months.

*

Age of first observation.

**

Age of CI activation or HA fitting.

***

Age with corrected (or typical) hearing.

Auditory Comprehension (receptive language ability); EC: Expressive Communication (expressive language ability)