Table 3.
Characteristics of patients with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine–induced thyroid disease reported in the literature
| Age, years, and sex | Type of vaccine | Time from vaccination to symptom onset | Diagnosis | Treatment | Time to remission | Relapse after revaccination | History of thyroid disease | Personal or family history of autoimmune diseases | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bornemann et al (11) | 26, F | Adenovirus-vectored (1st) | 2 days | SAT | NSAIDs → Prednisone 50 mg/day | 6 months | NA | None | NA |
| 49, F | mRNA-1273 (1st) | 7 days | SAT | NSAIDs for 2 weeks → Prednisone 20 mg/day | NA | NA | None | NA | |
| Şahin Tekin et al (12) | 67, M | Inactivated whole virion (2nd) | 15 days | SAT | NSAIDs | 2 months | NA | MNG | NA |
| Oyibo(13) | 55, F | Adenovirus-vectored (1st) | 21 days | SAT | NSAIDs | 6 weeksa | NA | None | None |
| Schimmel, et al (14) | 57, F | BNT162b2 (2nd) | 1 day | SAT | NSAIDs → Prednisone | NA | NA | None | None |
| Soltanpoor and Norouzi (15) | 34, F | Inactivated whole virion (1st) | 5-7 days | SAT | Prednisone 15 mg/day, tapered and discontinued in 6 weeks | 7 weeks | NA | None | NA |
| Das et al (16) | 47, F | Adenovirus-vectored (1st) | 14 days | SAT | None | 8 weeks | NA | NA | NA |
| Saygili and Karakilic (17) | 38, F | Inactivated whole virion (2nd) | 14 days | SAT | NSAIDs | 1 montha | NA | None | None |
| Patel et al (18) | 48, M | NA (2nd) | 7 days | SAT | NSAID + prednisone | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sigstad et al (19) | 30, F | BNT162b2 (1st) | 6 days | SAT | Unilateral thyroidectomy with a preliminary diagnosis of PTC | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Lee et al (20) | 39, F | Adenovirus-vectored (2nd) | 4 days | SAT | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 73, F | Adenovirus-vectored (1st) | 11 days | SAT | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 39, M | Adenovirus-vectored | 14 days | GD and SAT | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Chatzi et al (21) | 35, F | mRNA (1st) | 12 days | SAT | Prednisolone | NA | NA | NA | HT in mother |
| 32, F | mRNA (2nd) | 4 days | SAT | Prednisolone | NA | NA | NA | HT in mother | |
| Sioloset al (22) | 51, F | BNT162b2 (1st dose) | 4 days | SAT | MPZ 16 mg/day | 8 weeks | NA | None | None |
| 39, F | Adenovirus-vectored | NA | SAT | None | 8 weeks | NA | None | HT in mother | |
| Kyriacou et al (23) | 40, F | BNT162b2 (2nd) | 1 day | SAT | Prednisolone 40 mg/day | NA | NA | None | NA |
| Jeeyavudeen et al (24) | NA, F | BNT162b2 (2nd) | 14 days | SAT | NSAIDs | NA | NA | None | None |
| Ravenet al (25) | 35, F | BNT162b2 (1st) | 4 days | SAT | NA | NA | Worsens w/2nd dose | Subtotal thyroidectomy | NA |
| Pujol et al (26) | 38, F | mRNA-1273 (1st) | 8 days | SAT | Prednisone, NSAIDs | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 32, M | BNT162b2 (1st) | 10 days | SAT | None | 8 weeksa | NA | NA | T1D | |
| Vera-Lastraet al (27) | 40 | BNT162b2 | 2 days | GD | Methimazole 10 mg/day | NA | NA | None | None |
| 28 | BNT162b2 | 3 days | GD | Methimazole 10 mg/day | NA | NA | None | None | |
| Lee et al (20) | 46, F | Adenovirus-vectored (1st) | 1 day | GD | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 73, F | Adenovirus-vectored (2nd) | 14 days | GD | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 34, M | Adenovirus-vectored | 14 days | GD relapse | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Zettinig and Krebs (28) | 71, F | BNT162b2 (2nd) | 15 days | GD relapse | Anti-thyroid medication | NA | NA | GD, cured since 2004 | NA |
| 46, M | BNT162b2 (1st) | 15 days | GD | Anti-thyroid medication | NA | NA | None | NA | |
| Sriphrapradang (29) | 30, F | Adenovirus-vectored (booster) | 4 days | GD worsening | Methimazole dose increased | NA | NA | GD since 2018 | GD |
| Patrizio et al (30) | 52, M | BNT162b2 (2nd) | 28 days | GD | Methimazole | NA | NA | NA | Vitiligo, T1D |
| Rubinstein (31) | 50, F | BNT162b2 (1st) | 3 days | GD relapse | Teprotumumab | NA | NA | GD, cured since 2010 | NA |
| di Filippo et al (32) | 32, M | Adenovirus-vectored (2nd) | 10 days | GD | Methimazole 15 mg/day → PTU 150 mg/day | NA | NA | None | None |
| 35, M | Adenovirus-vectored (1st) | 5 days | GD | Methimazole 15 mg/day | NA | Counseled not to receive the 2nd dose | None | None | |
| Yamamoto et al (33) | 64, F | BNT162b2 (1st) | 4 days | GD | Methimazole | NA | No relapse w/2nd dose | None | NA |
| Pierman et al (34) | 34, F | BNT162b2 (1st) | 10 days | GD relapse | Methimazole 20 mg/day | NA | Worsens w/2nd dose | GD, cured since 2014 | NA |
| Raven et al (25) | 35, F | Adenovirus-vectored (1st) | 5 days | GD | Carbimazole | NA | NA | NA | Hyperthyroidism |
| Pujol et al (26) | 38, F | BNT162b2 (1st) | 12 days | GD | Methimazole | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: F, Female. M, Male. SAT, Subacute thyroiditis; GD, Graves’ disease; NSAIDs, Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; MPZ, Methylprednisolone; PTU, Propylthiouracil; MNG, Multinodular goiter; RAI, Radioactive iodine; PTC, Papillary thyroid carcinoma; HT, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; T1D, Type 1 diabetes; NA, Not available; mRNA, messenger RNA;
aPatients became hypothyroid.