Table 1.
Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, and Factors Associated With Candidemia Among COVID-19 Patients
Characteristics | All Patients (n = 148) |
Candidemia (n = 28) |
No Candidemia (n = 120) |
Univariate Analysis P Values |
Logistic Regression no. 1 P Values Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Logistic Regression no. 2 P Values Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics and Underlying Diseases | ||||||
Age in years, median (IQR) | 68 (60–76) | 65 (50–73) | 70 (60–78) | .13 | ||
Male sex | 65% (96) | 75% (21) | 62% (75) | .77 | ||
Cerebrovascular accident | 2% (3) | 7% (2) | 0.8% (1) | .09 | ||
Cardiovascular disease | 19% (28) | 18% (5) | 19% (23) | 1.0 | ||
Chronic lung disease | 14% (33) | 24% (29) | 18% (22) | .32 | ||
Chronic intestinal disease | 6% (9) | 14% (4) | 4% (5) | .07 | ||
Chronic liver disease | 2% (3) | 0% | 3% (3) | 1.0 | ||
Chronic kidney disease | 19% (28) | 14% (4) | 20% (24) | .60 | ||
Solid organ malignancy | 13% (19) | 21% (6) | 11% (13) | .20 | ||
Hematologic malignancy | 3% (5) | 7% (2) | 3% (3) | .24 | ||
Immunocompromised status | 18% (26) | 32% (9) | 14% (17) | .049 | .34 | .75 |
Hypertension | 51% (75) | 39% (11) | 53% (64) | .21 | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 35% (52) | 21% (6) | 38% (46) | .12 | ||
No known underlying disease | 11% (17) | 7% (2) | 12% (15) | .53 | ||
Events Occurred While Inpatient | ||||||
Receipt of any antimicrobial agent | 99% (147) | 100% (28) | 99% (119) | 1.0 | ||
Fluoroquinolones | 70% (103) | 75% (21) | 68% (82) | .65 | ||
Carbapenemsa | 68% (100) | 86% (24) | 63% (76) | .025 | .008 6.0 (1.61–22.3) |
.02 6.2 (1.4–28.1) |
Anti-pseudomonal agents (β-lactam, monobactam or carbapenem) | 78% (114) | 67% (18) | 80% (96) | .20 | ||
β-lactam agents without anti-pseudomonal coverage | 12% (17) | 4% (1) | 13% (16) | .31 | ||
Glycopeptide/oxazolidinone/cyclic lipopeptide class | 49% (72) | 54% (14) | 48% (58) | .67 | ||
Polymyxin class | 22% (32) | 31% (8) | 20% (24) | .29 | ||
Receipt of corticosteroid | 84% (125) | 71% (20) | 88% (105) | .045 | ||
Presence of central venous catheter. Duration of central venous catheter, days (median, IQR) |
53% (78) 11 days (5–18) |
86% (24) 18.5 days (10–25) |
45% (54) 8 days (4–15) |
<.0001 .0001 |
.017 4.3 (1.3–14.2) |
.11 |
Requirement for mechanical intubation | 84% (125) | 89% (25) | 83% (100) | .57 | ||
Shock requiring pressor support | 81% (104) | 75% (21) | 82% (83) | .422 | ||
Bacteremia | ||||||
Preceding bacteremiab | 26% (39) | 71% (20) | 16% (19) | <.0001 | .001 6.6 (2.1–20.1) |
|
Preceding bacteremia due to coagulase-negative Staphylococcus | 15% (24) | 50% (14) | 9% (11) | 0.0001 | <.0001 13.5 (3.3–55.3) |
|
Preceding bacteremia due to Acinetobacter baumannii complex | 9% (13) | 39% (11) | 2% (2) | <.0001 | <.0001 48.1 (5.9–391.0) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range.
Among patients receiving carbapenem, all received meropenem; 2 patients received both meropenem and ertapenem but at different times.
Please refer to Supplemental Figure 2 for enumeration of specific bacteria responsible for bloodstream infections among patients with and without bacteremia.