Table 4.
Linear Mixed Model for Levels of Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety Among Informal Caregivers During COVID-19 Pandemic
| Depressive symptoms | Anxiety | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 Estimate [95% CI] |
Model 2 Estimate [95% CI] |
Model 1 Estimate [95% CI] |
Model 2 Estimate [95% CI] |
|
| COVID Survey time point (Baseline) | ||||
| Exit | 0.41*** [0.22, 0.59] | 0.27* [0.06, 0.47] | 0.09 [−0.05,0.23] | −0.03 [−0.18,0.12] |
| CLSA cohort (Tracking) | ||||
| Comprehensive | 0.27** [0.11, 0.42] | 0.28*** [0.12, 0.44] | −0.04 [−0.17,0.08] | −0.05 [−0.18,0.07] |
| Sex (Male) | ||||
| Female | 0.81*** [0.65, 0.98] | 0.80*** [0.63, 0.98] | 0.78*** [0.65,0.91] | 0.72*** [0.58,0.85] |
| Sex × Survey time point (Male) | ||||
| Female | −0.16 [−0.32, 0.01] | −0.20* [−0.37, −0.03] | −0.14* [−0.26, −0.02] | −0.14* [−0.26, −0.01] |
| Age (50–64 years old) | ||||
| 65–74 years old | −0.49*** [−0.67, −0.31] | −0.43*** [−0.61, −0.25] | −0.55*** [−0.70, −0.41] | −0.48*** [−0.63, −0.34] |
| 75 years and older | −0.69*** [−0.91, −0.48] | −0.62*** [−0.84, −0.40] | −0.89*** [−1.06, −0.72] | −0.81*** [−0.98, −0.63] |
| Marital status (Married/common-law) | ||||
| Unmarried | 0.31*** [0.15, 0.48] | 0.36*** [0.19, 0.53] | 0.08 [−0.05,0.21] | 0.12 [−0.01,0.26] |
| Education (University degrees) | ||||
| No postsecondary education | −0.37*** [−0.57, −0.18] | −0.39*** [−0.59, −0.19] | −0.06 [−0.21,0.10] | −0.05 [−0.21,0.47] |
| Some postsecondary education | −0.30*** [−0.47, −0.14] | −0.29** [−0.46, −0.12] | 0.02 [−0.11,0.16] | 0.04 [−0.09,0.18] |
| Work status (Unemployed/retired) | ||||
| Employed | 0.25** [0.07, 0.43] | 0.24* [0.05, 0.42] | 0.34*** [0.19,0.48] | 0.32*** [0.18,0.47] |
| Income ($100,000 and more) | ||||
| Less than $20,000 | 0.31* [0.01, 0.60] | 0.37* [0.06, 0.67] | 0.69*** [0.45,0.93] | 0.72*** [0.47,0.96] |
| $20,000–$49,999 | 0.20 [−0.04, 0.44] | 0.26* [0.02, 0.50] | 0.22* [0.03,0.41] | 0.24* [0.04,0.43] |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 0.29* [0.07, 0.51] | 0.34** [0.12, 0.57] | 0.16 [−0.02,0.33] | 0.17 [−0.01,0.35] |
| Living area (Urban area) | ||||
| Rural and DA | −0.41***[−0.60, −0.22] | −0.41*** [−0.61, −0.22] | −0.39*** [−0.54, −0.23] | −0.37*** [−0.53, −0.22] |
| Country of birth (Foreign-born) | ||||
| Canada | −0.26* [−0.46, −0.06] | −0.28** [−0.48, −0.08] | −0.31*** [−0.48, −0.15] | −0.31*** [−0.47, −0.15] |
| Number of care receivers (1 care receiver) | ||||
| 2 care receivers or more | 0.11 [−0.03, 0.25] | 0.05 [−0.10, 0.19] | 0.29*** [0.18,0.41] | 0.25*** [0.14,0.37] |
| Caregiving hour/week for main receiver (Fewer than 5 hr) | ||||
| 5 hr or more | 0.17 [−0.01, 0.35] | 0.11 [−0.06, 0.29] | 0.28*** [0.14,0.42] | 0.19* [0.04,0.33] |
| Dwelling location of main receiver (Same household with caregiver) | ||||
| Out of caregiver’s household | −0.14 [−0.35, 0.06] | −0.20 [−0.41, 0.01] | −0.23** [−0.39, −0.07] | −0.28** [−0.45, −0.11] |
| Health care institution | −0.31* [−0.60, −0.02] | −0.37* [−0.68, −0.07] | −0.29* [−0.52, −0.06] | −0.36** [−0.60, −0.12] |
| Dwelling location of main receiver × Survey time point (Same household with caregiver) | ||||
| Out of caregiver’s household | −0.19 [−0.38, 0.01] | −0.14 [−0.35, 0.07] | −0.19** [−0.34, −0.05] | −0.14 [0.29,0.02] |
| Health care institution | −0.02 [−0.31, 0.27] | 0.04 [−0.27, 0.34] | −0.01 [−0.23,0.20] | 0.06 [−0.17,0.29] |
| Depressive symptoms at FUP1 | 0.58***[0.56, 0.60] | 0.58*** [0.56, 0.59] | — | — |
| Increase caregiving hours (No) Yes |
0.72*** [0.48, 0.96] | 0.80*** [0.62,0.98] | ||
| Increase caregiving hours × Survey time point (No) Yes |
0.16 [−0.13, 0.45] | 0.02 [−0.20,0.24] | ||
| Unable to provide care (No) Yes |
0.59*** [0.40, 0.78] | 0.62*** [0.47,0.76] | ||
| Unable to provide care × Survey time point (No) Yes |
0.13 [−0.15, 0.40] | −0.06 [−0.27,0.14] | ||
| AIC | 135,742.12 | 126,663.37 | 118,186.12.51 | 110,634.54 |
Notes: AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; CI = confidence interval; CLSA = Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; DA = dissemination area; FUP1 = Follow-up 1. Reference group is listed in (—).
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.