Table 2.
Characteristics of Study Participants and Nasopharyngeal Microbial Communities by Microbiome Profile
| Nasopharyngeal Microbiome Profilea | P b | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n = 54) | 2 (n = 58) | 3 (n = 55) | 4 (n = 48) | 5 (n = 44) | 6 (n = 16) | 7 (n = 10) | ||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 16.5 (12.9–18.1) |
7.6 (3.9–12.1) |
15.9 (10.6–18.7) |
3.8 (2.0–7.2) |
9.8 (8.3–13.2) |
7.7 (1.0–11.5) |
7.0 (6.0–13.4) |
<.0001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 29 (53%) | 29 (50%) | 33 (60%) | 31 (65%) | 17 (39%) | 7 (44%) | 3 (30%) | .12 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||
| Black or African-American | 5 (9%) | 4 (7.0%) | 4 (7%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (6%) | 0 (0%) | .23 |
| Latino or Hispanic-American | 37 (69%) | 46 (79%) | 46 (84%) | 38 (79%) | 40 (91%) | 11 (69%) | 10 (100%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 12 (22%) | 8 (14%) | 5 (9%) | 9 (19%) | 3 (7%) | 4 (25%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||
| Asthma | 5 (9%) | 2 (3%) | 5 (9%) | 3 (6.3%) | 8 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | .19 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile for age) | 20 (37%) | 15 (26%) | 18 (33%) | 13 (27%) | 11 (25%) | 3 (19%) | 4 (40%) | .67 |
| Environmental tobacco smoke in home | 6 (11%) | 9 (16%) | 9 (16%) | 4 (8.3%) | 3 (7%) | 3 (19%) | 0 (0%) | .52 |
| Receipt of antibiotic in prior 30 days | 2 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | .97 |
| Receipt of probiotic in prior 30 days | 3 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | .18 |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection | 39 (72%) | 43 (74%) | 45 (82%) | 33 (69%) | 32 (72%) | 11 (69%) | 8 (80%) | .80 |
| With respiratory symptoms | 26 (67%) | 15 (35%) | 30 (67%) | 18 (55%) | 13 (41%) | 6 (55%) | 5 (63%) | .03 |
| Without respiratory symptoms | 13 (33%) | 28 (65%) | 15 (33%) | 15 (45%) | 19 (59%) | 5 (45%) | 3 (38%) | |
| Shannon diversity index, median (IQR) | 1.64 (1.37–1.93) | 1.15 (1.05–1.51) | 1.04 (0.91–1.35) | 0.91 (0.81–1.23) | 0.96 (0.45–1.24) | 1.5 (1.22–2.19) | 1.72 (1.37–1.97) | <.0001 |
| Number of unique ASVs, median (IQR) | 72 (45–92) | 66 (45–83) | 65 (49–82) | 58 (42–78) | 71 (53–101) | 76 (59–91) | 92 (57–106) | .16 |
Abbreviations: ASV, amplicon sequence variant; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Corresponding microbiome profiles are as follows: 1 = Corynebacterium/Staphylococcus-dominant, 2 = Corynebacterium/Dolosigranulum-dominant, 3 = Corynebacterium-dominant, 4 = Moraxella-dominant, 5 = Staphylococcus-dominant, 6 = Streptococcus-dominant, 7 = Fusobacterium-dominant.
P values were estimated using Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables.