Table 2.
Assessment of recent studies in the diagnosis bladder cancer (BC) in terms of the sensitivity and specificity provided by Raman spectroscopy
| Type of sample | Raman spectrocopy instrumentation | Analysis technique | Healthy vs. bladder cancer | High-grade BC vs. low-grade BC | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | ||||
| Tissue sample | Portable Raman spectrometer | PCA + LDA | 85 | 79 | – | – | [83] |
| Urine sample | Raman microscope | PCA | 92 | 91 | – | – | [84] |
| Tissue sample | Modulated Raman spectrometer | PCA | 98 | 95 | – | – | [86] |
| Blood serum | Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy | GE + LDA | 90.9 | 100 | – | [87] | |
| PCA | 74.6 | 97.2 | – | – | |||
| Blood serum | Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy | SVM + RBF | – | – | 92.3 | 98.2 | [80] |
| Tissue sample | Raman microscope | PCA + kNN | – | – | 99 | 87 | [88] |
| Blood serum | Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy | PLS + LDA | 98.3 | 96.7 | 90.6 | 96.3 | [81] |
PCA principal component analysis, LDA linear discriminant analysis, GE generic algorithm, SVM support vector machine algorithm, RBF radial basis function analysis, kNN k nearest neighbor classification analysis