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. 2022 Jan 24;23(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s10194-021-01370-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Optical system for VPM fluorescence imaging in awake animals. A Schematic of the imaging system. B-C Schematic of implantation of the GRIN lens and chronic electrode. The 3D model was obtained from the Allen brain atlas. D Head-fixed setup with an infrared camera for motion detection. E Brain slices matching the standard mouse brain atlas