Table 2.

Findings in previous observational studies.

Roetker et al [42].
Prospective	Higher levels of systolic BP and PP, but not MAP or diastolic BP, were each individually associated with increased risk of AF after adjustment for all AF risk factors.
Chen et al.[44]
Retrospective	After full adjustment, the odds ratios of AF were significantly higher per quartile increase in CFPWV and β index.
Cui et al [45].
Cross-Sectional	The prevalence of atrial fibrillation and total arrhythmia were higher with larger AI (Augmentation Index) values.
Cremer et al [46].
Prospective	Arterial stiffness (Assessed by QKDh) is a strong predictor of future atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients, independently of age, 24-h pulse pressure and LAD.
Lantelme et al [47].
Cross-Sectional	PWV was associated with increased left atrium diameter and higher levels of NT-pro-BNP.
Yoshida et al [48].
Prospective	Arterial stiffness was independently associated with LA phasic function, even in the absence of overt cardiovascular disease, which may explain the higher incidence of atrial fibrillation in individuals with increased arterial stiffness.
Chung et al [68].
Cross-Sectional	High arterial stiffness (assessed by CAVI) shows a significant association with AF in those with intermediate or high cardiovascular risk (Framingham) and can be used for further risk stratification of patients.