Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population
| No HF | HFrEF | HFpEF | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 106 | 30 | 18 | — |
| Age [years] | 64.0 ± 10.9 | 67.3 ± 11.2 | 66.4 ± 10.7 | 0.2937 |
| Male sex | 100 (94.34%) | 30 (100.00%) | 16 (88.89%) | 0.2265 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 54 (50.94%) | 12 (40.00%) | 8 (44.44%) | 0.5412 |
| African American | 46 (43.40%) | 18 (60.00%) | 10 (55.56%) | 0.2185 |
| Other | 6 (5.66%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.2433 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 29.0 ± 6.1 | 28.7 ± 4.2 | 33.9 ± 7.8 | 0.0056 |
| Systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 138 (130,156) | 149 (131,169) | 150 (142,160) | 0.0819 |
| Diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 87 (82,95) | 89 (84,103) | 92 (84,95) | 0.1432 |
| Hypertension | 78 (74.29%) | 23 (76.67%) | 17 (94.44%) | 0.1700 |
| Coronary artery disease | 27 (25.71%) | 9 (30.00%) | 8 (44.44%) | 0.2646 |
| COPD | 10 (9.62%) | 5 (16.67%) | 4 (22.22%) | 0.2438 |
| eGFR [ml/min/1.73 m2] | 86 (68,101) | 79 (61,98) | 85 (50,92) | 0.4656 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 42 (40.00%) | 11 (36.67%) | 11 (64.71%) | 0.1276 |
| Current smoking | 28 (27.72%) | 6 (20.69%) | 3 (16.67%) | 0.5083 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Beta blockers | 50 (47.17%) | 25 (86.21%) | 13 (72.22%) | 0.0003 |
| Aspirin | 54 (50.94%) | 20 (68.97%) | 11 (61.11%) | 0.1969 |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 53 (50.00%) | 24 (82.76%) | 15 (83.33%) | 0.0006 |
| Furosemide | 2 (1.90%) | 18 (62.07%) | 12 (66.67%) | <0.0001 |
| Spironolactone | 6 (5.66%) | 7 (24.14%) | 1 (5.56%) | 0.0080 |
| Statins | 75 (70.75%) | 25 (86.21%) | 12 (66.67%) | 0.2003 |
| Long-acting nitrates | 8 (7.55%) | 2 (7.14%) | 3 (16.67%) | 0.4224 |
| Hydralazine | 2 (1.89%) | 1 (3.45%) | 3 (16.67%) | 0.0114 |
| Warfarin | 8 (7.55%) | 5 (17.24%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.0979 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 30 (28.30%) | 5 (17.24%) | 8 (44.44%) | 0.1304 |
| Thiazides | 23 (21.90%) | 3 (10.34%) | 3 (16.67%) | 0.3599 |
For continuous variables, values denote mean ± standard deviation (when normally distributed) or median (25th, 75th percentile) (otherwise). For discrete variables, values denote count (percentage). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures refer to the right-brachial blood pressures as obtained using the VaSera device. P values < 0.05 are printed in bold. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.