Table 2.
Associations between individual and community characteristics and lower COVID-19 vaccination intent
| CHARACTERISTICS | Overall |
Racial/Gender Groups |
Age (y) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportional odds Modela |
Black women |
White women |
Black men |
White men |
All other racial/ethnic groups |
< 65 y |
≥ 65 y |
||
| OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.01 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 1.00(0.99–1.02) |
| Gender | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Female | 1.00 (ref) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Male | 0.69 (0.60–0.79) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.42 (0.23–0.79) | 0.85 (0.68–1.05) | 0.60(0.50–0.71) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Black | 1.00 (ref) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| White | 0.61 (0.53–0.71) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.67 (0.54–0.82) | 0.57(0.47–0.69) | |
| Other/unknown racial/ethnic groups | 0.68 (0.52–0.89) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) | 0.59(0.41–0.85) | |
| Educational attainment | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 0.84 (0.61–1.14) | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) | 0.92 (0.51–1.67) | 0.95 (0.42–2.18) | 0.55 (0.17–1.83) | 0.95 (0.27–3.35) | 0.75 (0.49–1.15) | 0.96(0.61–1.53) | |
| High school or some college | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 0.72 (0.63–0.82) | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 0.62 (0.50–0.78) | 1.14 (0.74–1.78) | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 0.89 (0.50–1.58) | 0.71 (0.58–0.87) | 0.75 (0.63–0.89) | |
| Kidney disease | |||||||||
| None | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.76 (0.58–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) | 0.58 (0.35–0.95) | 0.48 (0.22–1.05) | 0.87 (0.46–1.65) | 0.78 (0.21–2.95) | 1.06 (0.67–1.69) | 0.62 (0.44–0.88) |
| Spirituality/religiosity | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Very | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) | 0.72 (0.57–0.90) | 0.72 (0.47–1.10) | 0.77 (0.56–1.04) | 1.09 (0.61–1.95) | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) | 0.76 (0.64–0.91) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 0.67 (0.55–0.81) | 0.65 (0.40–1.04) | 0.78 (0.56–1.07) | 0.83 (0.43–1.59) | 0.59 (0.41–0.84) | 0.73 (0.34–1.57) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | 0.59 (0.46–0.76) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityb | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 0.002 | 1.13 (0.97–1.30) | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 1.21 (0.97–1.52) | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 1.43 (1.00–2.03) | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||||
| Community protective behaviors scorec | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19d | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | <0.0001 | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) | 0.79 (0.71–0.87) | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) | 0.80 (0.73–0.87) | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.2 | ||||||||
| Never tested | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 0.96 (0.84–1.08) | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.70 (0.47–1.04) | 1.08 (0.80–1.45) | 2.10 (1.20–3.69) | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 1.00 (0.84–1.18) | |
| Ever tested positive | 0.73 (0.50–1.05) | 0.90 (0.51–1.62) | 0.47 (0.23–0.98) | 0.63 (0.19–2.10) | 0.83 (0.34–2.02) | 2.10 (0.43–10.37) | 0.63 (0.38–1.03) | 0.84 (0.48–1.48) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 3.02 (2.59–3.53) | 2.07 (1.61–2.68) | 3.44 (2.58–4.58) | 2.06 (1.31–3.23) | 4.85 (3.25–7.25) | 6.02 (2.97–12.19) | 2.70 (2.18–3.35) | 3.48 (2.77–4.37) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 1.93 (1.44–2.57) | 1.52 (0.99–2.35) | 3.00 (1.61–5.57) | 1.88 (0.82–4.30) | 4.71 (1.76–12.63) | 1.42 (0.49–4.10) | 1.83 (1.24–2.69) | 2.01 (1.29–3.13) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenesse | 0.64 (0.58–0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.62 (0.52–0.74) | 0.57 (0.48–0.69) | 0.65 (0.47–0.89) | 0.72 (0.58–0.88) | 0.65 (0.45–0.94) | 0.64 (0.55–0.74) | 0.65 (0.57–0.73) |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetye | 0.62 (0.56–0.68) | <0.0001 | 0.58 (0.49–0.69) | 0.70 (0.59–0.84) | 0.58 (0.42–0.80) | 0.64 (0.52–0.78) | 0.49 (0.34–0.71) | 0.58 (0.50–0.68) | 0.65 (0.57–0.73) |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||||
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.0002 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) |
aUsed proportional odds method to assess vaccine hesitancy (low intent) and the final model included age, gender, race, education level, kidney disease, spirituality, self-rated reading ability, total days of community protective behaviors, perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19, COVID-19 testing status, influenza vaccination status in 2019–2021, attitude toward childhood vaccines safety, confidences in COVID-19 vaccine safety and effectiveness, and Area Deprivation Index.
b1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
cSum of days per week of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
d1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
e1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.