Appendix Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants among racial/gender and age groups
| CHARACTERISTICSa | Racial/gender groups |
Age (y) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black women |
White women |
Black men |
White men |
All other racial/ ethnic groups |
< 65 |
≥ 65 |
|
| n = 1290 | n = 1481 | n = 425 | n = 1001 | n = 289 | n = 1851 | n = 2635 | |
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Age (y) | 64.5 (6.6) | 67.2 (7.6) | 66.4 (6.8) | 69.9 (7.5) | 67.1 (7.7) | 59.9 (3.0) | 71.9 (5.4) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 1290 (100%) | 1481 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 183 (63%) | 1367 (74%) | 1587 (60%) |
| Male | 0 | 0 | 425 (100%) | 1001 (100%) | 106 (37%) | 484 (26%) | 1048 (40%) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Black | 1290 (100%) | 0 | 425 (100%) | 0 | - | 880 (48%) | 835 (32%) |
| White | - | 1481 (100%) | - | 1001 (100%) | - | 852 (46%) | 1630 (62%) |
| Any Hispanic | - | - | - | - | 66 (23%) | 26 (1%) | 40 (2%) |
| Asian | - | - | - | - | 11 (4%) | 3 (0.2%) | 8 (0.3%) |
| American Indian | - | - | - | - | 11 (4%) | 8 (0.4%) | 3 (0.1%) |
| Other racial/ethnic group | - | - | - | - | 20 (7%) | 10 (0.5%) | 10 (0.4%) |
| More than one racial group | - | - | - | - | 117 (40%) | 46 (2%) | 71 (3%) |
| Unknown | - | - | - | - | 64 (22%) | 26 (1%) | 38 (1%) |
| Educational attainment | |||||||
| Less than high school | 79 (6%) | 50 (3%) | 34 (8%) | 11 (1%) | 12 (5%) | 106 (6%) | 80 (3%) |
| High school or some college | 762 (60%) | 725 (49%) | 229 (55%) | 331 (33%) | 112 (48%) | 1023 (56%) | 1136 (44%) |
| College or above | 435 (34%) | 700 (47%) | 154 (37%) | 656 (66%) | 109 (47%) | 684 (38%) | 1370 (53%) |
| Household income | |||||||
| <$15000 | 386 (30%) | 210 (14%) | 101 (24%) | 78 (8%) | 52 (18%) | 489 (26%) | 338 (13%) |
| $15000 to $49999 | 613 (48%) | 589 (40%) | 161 (38%) | 228 (23%) | 117 (40%) | 670 (36%) | 1038 (39%) |
| $50000+ | 291 (23%) | 680 (46%) | 162 (38%) | 694 (69%) | 120 (42%) | 691 (37%) | 1256 (48%) |
| Chronic disease | |||||||
| No chronic disease | 136 (11%) | 383 (26%) | 51 (12%) | 196 (20%) | 59 (21%) | 375 (20%) | 450 (17%) |
| Any chronic disease | 1145 (89%) | 1083 (74%) | 370 (88%) | 792 (80%) | 226 (79%) | 1466 (80%) | 2150 (83%) |
| Diabetes | 703 (55%) | 385 (26%) | 210 (50%) | 288 (29%) | 100 (35%) | 735 (40%) | 951 (36%) |
| Chronic lung disease | 385 (31%) | 386 (27%) | 95 (23%) | 212 (22%) | 77 (27%) | 533 (30%) | 622 (24%) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1020 (79%) | 836 (57%) | 327 (77%) | 666 (67%) | 191 (66%) | 1189 (64%) | 1851 (70%) |
| Kidney disease | 78 (6%) | 71 (5%) | 33 (8%) | 49 (5%) | 14 (5%) | 76 (4%) | 169 (7%) |
| Cancer under active treatment | 55 (4%) | 71 (5%) | 25 (6%) | 63 (6%) | 22 (8%) | 72 (4%) | 164 (6%) |
| Other chronic disease | 332 (26%) | 282 (19%) | 96 (23%) | 128 (13%) | 52 (18%) | 425 (23%) | 465 (18%) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.9 (8.1) | 29.3 (8.3) | 29.8 (6.2) | 28.1 (5.6) | 28.9 (7.2) | 31.7 (8.4) | 28.9 (7.0) |
| Self-reported health status | |||||||
| Excellent | 74 (6%) | 191 (13%) | 29 (7%) | 143 (14%) | 35 (12%) | 183 (10%) | 289 (11%) |
| Very good | 347 (27%) | 578 (39%) | 134 (32%) | 434 (43%) | 120 (42%) | 594 (32%) | 1019 (39%) |
| Good | 587 (46%) | 484 (33%) | 179 (42%) | 295 (29%) | 84 (29%) | 705 (38%) | 924 (35%) |
| Fair | 257 (20%) | 192 (13%) | 75 (18%) | 109 (11%) | 44 (15%) | 312 (17%) | 365 (14%) |
| Poor | 23 (2%) | 36 (2%) | 8 (2%) | 20 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 56 (3%) | 37 (1%) |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| nonsmoker | 1129 (88%) | 1333 (90%) | 349 (82%) | 929 (93%) | 267 (93%) | 1542 (83%) | 2465 (94%) |
| Current smoker | 160 (12%) | 148 (10%) | 76 (18%) | 72 (7%) | 21 (7%) | 307 (17%) | 170 (6%) |
| Employment status | |||||||
| Not currently employed | 853 (66%) | 1021 (69%) | 300 (71%) | 706 (71%) | 203 (70%) | 956 (52%) | 2127 (81%) |
| Currently employed | 436 (34%) | 460 (31%) | 124 (29%) | 293 (29%) | 86 (30%) | 892 (48%) | 507 (19%) |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day; among those working) | |||||||
| 0 | 129 (30%) | 170 (37%) | 38 (31%) | 98 (33%) | 32 (37%) | 271 (30%) | 196 (39%) |
| 0.1 to <1 | 84 (19%) | 94 (20%) | 43 (35%) | 80 (27%) | 9 (10%) | 181 (20%) | 129 (25%) |
| 1 to <3 | 32 (7%) | 46 (10%) | 10 (8%) | 47 (16%) | 18 (21%) | 98 (11%) | 55 (11%) |
| ≥3 | 190 (44%) | 149 (32%) | 33 (27%) | 68 (23%) | 27 (31%) | 340 (38%) | 127 (25%) |
| Household composition | |||||||
| Lives alone | 506 (40%) | 480 (33%) | 119 (28%) | 150 (15%) | 83 (29%) | 518 (28%) | 820 (32%) |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children | 567 (45%) | 885 (61%) | 254 (60%) | 785 (79%) | 178 (63%) | 1057 (58%) | 1612 (62%) |
| Lives with child(ren) and no other adult(s) | 29 (2%) | 11 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.4%) | 32 (2%) | 15 (0.6%) |
| Lives with both child(ren) and other adult(s) | 167 (13%) | 83 (6%) | 43 (10%) | 52 (5%) | 22 (8%) | 219 (12%) | 148 (6%) |
| Spirituality/religiosity | |||||||
| Very | 811 (64%) | 742 (50%) | 234 (56%) | 366 (37%) | 126 (47%) | 938 (51%) | 1341 (52%) |
| Fairly | 378 (30%) | 531 (36%) | 134 (32%) | 376 (38%) | 93 (34%) | 647 (35%) | 865 (33%) |
| Slightly | 72 (6%) | 139 (9%) | 38 (9%) | 155 (16%) | 43 (16%) | 187 (10%) | 260 (10%) |
| Not at all | 7 (1%) | 61 (4%) | 9 (2%) | 99 (10%) | 8 (3%) | 54 (3%) | 130 (5%) |
| Health insurance status | |||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 803 (62%) | 978 (66%) | 278 (66%) | 724 (73%) | 193 (67%) | 618 (33%) | 2358 (90%) |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 300 (23%) | 397 (27%) | 85 (20%) | 205 (21%) | 76 (26%) | 870 (47%) | 193 (7%) |
| Only military/other | 125 (10%) | 65 (4%) | 43 (10%) | 48 (5%) | 15 (5%) | 226 (12%) | 70 (3%) |
| No health insurance | 60 (5%) | 40 (3%) | 18 (4%) | 19 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 133 (7%) | 9 (0.3%) |
| Self-rated reading abilityb | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsc | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 77 (6%) | 39 (3%) | 32 (8%) | 29 (3%) | 17 (6%) | 107 (6%) | 87 (3%) |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | |||||||
| No experience | 848 (66%) | 1311 (89%) | 311 (73%) | 932 (93%) | 239 (83%) | 1374 (74%) | 2267 (86%) |
| Experienced discrimination | 324 (25%) | 123 (8%) | 68 (16%) | 40 (4%) | 43 (15%) | 345 (19%) | 253 (10%) |
| Unknown | 118 (9%) | 47 (3%) | 46 (11%) | 29 (3%) | 7 (2%) | 132 (7%) | 115 (4%) |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scored | 26.7 (3.4) | 25.0 (4.9) | 26.0 (4.0) | 23.5 (5.4) | 25.2 (4.7) | 25.6 (4.6) | 25.1 (4.8) |
| Community protective behaviors scoree | 19.5 (3.5) | 17.8 (5.2) | 18.9 (4.2) | 17.2 (5.5) | 18.6 (4.2) | 18.2 (4.9) | 18.4 (4.7) |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19f | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.0) |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19f | 3.8 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.3) | 3.9 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.3) |
| COVID-19 testing | |||||||
| Never tested | 648 (50%) | 941 (64%) | 227 (54%) | 676 (68%) | 163 (56%) | 1018 (55%) | 1637 (62%) |
| Tested negative | 581 (45%) | 499 (34%) | 180 (43%) | 298 (30%) | 116 (40%) | 745 (40%) | 929 (35%) |
| Ever tested positive | 59 (5%) | 31 (2%) | 16 (4%) | 24 (2%) | 10 (3%) | 84 (5%) | 56 (2%) |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 (among those living with others) | |||||||
| No | 735 (95%) | 965 (97%) | 289 (96%) | 816 (97%) | 199 (97%) | 1263 (95%) | 1741 (97%) |
| Yes | 42 (5%) | 30 (3%) | 13 (4%) | 27 (3%) | 7 (3%) | 63 (5%) | 56 (3%) |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2020 | |||||||
| Yes | 733 (57%) | 1040 (71%) | 239 (57%) | 781 (78%) | 204 (71%) | 1058 (58%) | 1939 (74%) |
| No | 551 (43%) | 433 (29%) | 182 (43%) | 216 (22%) | 83 (29%) | 779 (42%) | 686 (26%) |
| Intends to have or had an Influenza vaccination in 2020/21 | |||||||
| Yes | 842 (66%) | 1120 (76%) | 270 (64%) | 825 (83%) | 218 (76%) | 1200 (65%) | 2075 (79%) |
| No | 437 (34%) | 355 (24%) | 151 (36%) | 170 (17%) | 70 (24%) | 643 (35%) | 540 (21%) |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | |||||||
| Yes | 1171 (92%) | 1394 (95%) | 385 (92%) | 968 (97%) | 266 (92%) | 1688 (92%) | 2496 (96%) |
| No | 106 (8%) | 76 (5%) | 33 (8%) | 26 (3%) | 23 (8%) | 155 (8%) | 109 (4%) |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenessg | 2.5 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.3) |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetyg | 2.6 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.4) |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Urban/rural status | |||||||
| Urban/suburban resident | 1044 (81%) | 1151 (78%) | 338 (80%) | 778 (78%) | 246 (85%) | 1467 (79%) | 2090 (79%) |
| Rural resident | 246 (19%) | 330 (22%) | 87 (20%) | 222 (22%) | 43 (15%) | 383 (21%) | 545 (21%) |
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 59.8 (3.5) | 60.7 (4.2) | 59.7 (3.5) | 61.6 (3.8) | 61.0 (3.6) | 60.3 (3.8) | 60.8 (3.9) |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 73.6 (21.8) | 57.8 (24.9) | 72.0 (23.7) | 52.9 (24.9) | 58.8 (24.2) | 66.2 (24.2) | 60.1 (25.9) |
| COVID-19 community burden | 22.1 (13.7) | 23.9 (15.6) | 23.1 (13.9) | 22.1 (14.6) | 22.5 (15.3) | 23.2 (14.6) | 22.5 (14.7) |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.93 (0.14) | 0.92 (0.15) | 0.93 (0.14) | 0.92 (0.16) | 0.95 (0.12) | 0.93 (0.14) | 0.93 (0.15) |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.05) | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.53 (0.05) | 0.54 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.05) |
| Intent to be vaccinated | |||||||
| Very unlikely | 337 (26%) | 291 (20%) | 88 (21%) | 107 (11%) | 45 (16%) | 442 (24%) | 426 (16%) |
| Somewhat unlikely | 230 (18%) | 114 (8%) | 63 (15%) | 68 (7%) | 34 (12%) | 260 (14%) | 249 (9%) |
| Neither likely nor unlikely | 283 (22%) | 214 (14%) | 75 (18%) | 72 (7%) | 57 (20%) | 327 (18%) | 374 (14%) |
| Somewhat likely | 273 (21%) | 332 (22%) | 119 (28%) | 196 (20%) | 64 (22%) | 383 (21%) | 601 (23%) |
| Very likely | 167 (13%) | 530 (36%) | 80 (19%) | 558 (56%) | 89 (31%) | 439 (24%) | 985 (37%) |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
b1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
c1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
dSum of days per week of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0–28.
eSum of days per week of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0–21.
f1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
g1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.