Appendix Table 3A.
Simple associations between individual and community characteristics and intent to receive COVID-19 vaccination – Black females
| CHARACTERISTICSa | Black females |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very unlikely |
Somewhat unlikely |
Neither likely nor unlikely |
Somewhat likely |
Very likely |
OR (95% CI)b | p-Value | |
| n = 337 | n = 230 | n = 283 | n = 273 | n = 167 | |||
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 63.9 (6.1) | 64.1 (6.6) | 64.7 (7.0) | 65.0 (6.6) | 65.1 (6.9) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.02 |
| Educational attainment | 0.29 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 20 (6%) | 11 (5%) | 14 (5%) | 19 (7%) | 15 (9%) | 0.72 (0.48–1.08) | |
| High school or some college | 196 (59%) | 141 (62%) | 179 (64%) | 156 (58%) | 90 (55%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 117 (35%) | 76 (33%) | 88 (31%) | 94 (35%) | 60 (36%) | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | |
| Household income | 0.9 | ||||||
| <$15000 | 98 (29%) | 66 (29%) | 98 (35%) | 76 (28%) | 48 (29%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $15000 to $49999 | 173 (51%) | 100 (43%) | 125 (44%) | 132 (48%) | 83 (50%) | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) | |
| $50000+ | 66 (20%) | 64 (28%) | 60 (21%) | 65 (24%) | 36 (22%) | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | |
| Any chronic disease | 0.75 | ||||||
| No | 38 (11%) | 21 (9%) | 28 (10%) | 30 (11%) | 19 (11%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 297 (89%) | 209 (91%) | 249 (90%) | 242 (89%) | 148 (89%) | 1.05 (0.77–1.44) | |
| Diabetes | 0.29 | ||||||
| No | 153 (46%) | 109 (48%) | 126 (45%) | 116 (43%) | 73 (44%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 181 (54%) | 119 (52%) | 156 (55%) | 155 (57%) | 92 (56%) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.85 | ||||||
| No | 224 (68%) | 161 (73%) | 183 (67%) | 190 (71%) | 113 (68%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 104 (32%) | 60 (27%) | 91 (33%) | 77 (29%) | 53 (32%) | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.49 | ||||||
| No | 73 (22%) | 45 (20%) | 59 (21%) | 52 (19%) | 37 (22%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 262 (78%) | 185 (80%) | 223 (79%) | 221 (81%) | 129 (78%) | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.24 | ||||||
| No | 309 (96%) | 209 (95%) | 256 (92%) | 244 (92%) | 151 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 14 (4%) | 12 (5%) | 21 (8%) | 22 (8%) | 9 (6%) | 0.78 (0.51–1.18) | |
| Cancer under active treatment | 0.19 | ||||||
| No | 326 (97%) | 217 (94%) | 271 (96%) | 262 (96%) | 156 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 10 (3%) | 13 (6%) | 11 (4%) | 11 (4%) | 10 (6%) | 0.70 (0.41–1.20) | |
| Other chronic disease | 0.89 | ||||||
| No | 249 (77%) | 163 (71%) | 191 (69%) | 203 (76%) | 123 (74%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 76 (23%) | 65 (29%) | 84 (31%) | 64 (24%) | 43 (26%) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 33.7 (8.4) | 33.1 (7.8) | 33.0 (8.1) | 32.4 (8.4) | 31.5 (7.7) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.01 |
| Self-reported health status | 0.3 | ||||||
| Excellent | 25 (7%) | 14 (6%) | 16 (6%) | 6 (2%) | 13 (8%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 101 (30%) | 61 (27%) | 60 (21%) | 78 (29%) | 47 (28%) | 0.80 (0.51–1.25) | |
| Good | 143 (42%) | 111 (48%) | 135 (48%) | 134 (49%) | 64 (39%) | 0.75 (0.49–1.16) | |
| Fair | 63 (19%) | 43 (19%) | 65 (23%) | 49 (18%) | 37 (22%) | 0.72 (0.45–1.13) | |
| Poor | 5 (1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 7 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 5 (3%) | 0.42 (0.19–0.98) | |
| Smoking status | 0.59 | ||||||
| nonsmoker | 297 (88%) | 200 (87%) | 249 (88%) | 236 (86%) | 147 (88%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Current smoker | 40 (12%) | 30 (13%) | 33 (12%) | 37 (14%) | 20 (12%) | 0.92 (0.69–1.24) | |
| Employment status | 0.26 | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 215 (64%) | 141 (61%) | 195 (69%) | 188 (69%) | 114 (68%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Currently employed | 122 (36%) | 89 (39%) | 88 (31%) | 84 (31%) | 53 (32%) | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day) | 0.49 | ||||||
| 0 | 33 (27%) | 23 (26%) | 29 (33%) | 25 (30%) | 19 (36%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 0.1 to <1 | 22 (18%) | 15 (17%) | 20 (23%) | 13 (15%) | 14 (26%) | 1.03 (0.63–1.67) | |
| 1 to <3 | 7 (6%) | 12 (14%) | 3 (3%) | 6 (7%) | 4 (8%) | 1.23 (0.62–2.45) | |
| ≥3 | 60 (49%) | 38 (43%) | 36 (41%) | 40 (48%) | 16 (30%) | 1.33 (0.89–1.98) | |
| Household composition | 0.64 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 144 (43%) | 76 (33%) | 112 (40%) | 112 (42%) | 62 (38%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children |
136 (41%) | 112 (49%) | 122 (44%) | 124 (46%) | 73 (45%) | 0.91 (0.74–1.13) | |
| Lives with child(ren) | 53 (16%) | 40 (18%) | 44 (16%) | 31 (12%) | 28 (17%) | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | |
| Spirituality/religiosity | 0.003 | ||||||
| Very | 223 (68%) | 143 (63%) | 177 (64%) | 160 (60%) | 108 (65%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 97 (29%) | 73 (32%) | 81 (29%) | 84 (31%) | 43 (26%) | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 10 (3%) | 11 (5%) | 20 (7%) | 23 (9%) | 15 (9%) | 0.49 (0.32–0.74) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.64 | ||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 197 (59%) | 138 (60%) | 185 (66%) | 169 (62%) | 114 (68%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 84 (25%) | 52 (23%) | 64 (23%) | 67 (25%) | 33 (20%) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | |
| Only military/other | 40 (12%) | 24 (10%) | 20 (7%) | 25 (9%) | 16 (10%) | 1.21 (0.85–1.72) | |
| No health insurance | 15 (4%) | 16 (7%) | 13 (5%) | 12 (4%) | 4 (2%) | 1.24 (0.77–2.00) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityc | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 0.72 |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsd | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 0.95 |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 0.22 | ||||||
| No | 302 (94%) | 204 (91%) | 257 (93%) | 255 (97%) | 152 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 19 (6%) | 21 (9%) | 19 (7%) | 9 (3%) | 9 (6%) | 1.29 (0.86–1.95) | |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | 0.84 | ||||||
| No experience | 226 (67%) | 156 (68%) | 176 (62%) | 173 (63%) | 117 (70%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Experienced discrimination | 79 (23%) | 58 (25%) | 79 (28%) | 75 (27%) | 33 (20%) | 0.97 (0.78–1.22) | |
| Unknown | 32 (10%) | 16 (7%) | 28 (10%) | 25 (9%) | 17 (10%) | 0.91 (0.64–1.27) | |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scoree | 26.7 (3.7) | 26.5 (3.4) | 26.7 (3.5) | 26.6 (3.2) | 27.0 (2.4) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.51 |
| Community protective behaviors scoref | 19.5 (3.3) | 19.2 (3.9) | 19.4 (3.7) | 19.6 (3.3) | 19.5 (3.6) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.67 |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19g | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.1) | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 0.001 |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19g | 3.9 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.3) | 1.02 (0.95–1.11) | 0.56 |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.69 | ||||||
| Never tested | 176 (52%) | 113 (49%) | 139 (49%) | 138 (51%) | 82 (49%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 149 (44%) | 99 (43%) | 135 (48%) | 123 (45%) | 75 (45%) | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | |
| Ever tested positive | 11 (3%) | 18 (8%) | 8 (3%) | 12 (4%) | 10 (6%) | 0.83 (0.52–1.33) | |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.57 | ||||||
| No | 184 (95%) | 137 (91%) | 161 (95%) | 155 (97%) | 98 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 9 (5%) | 14 (9%) | 8 (5%) | 5 (3%) | 6 (6%) | 1.17 (0.68–2.04) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 185 (55%) | 164 (72%) | 195 (70%) | 222 (82%) | 145 (88%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 149 (45%) | 65 (28%) | 85 (30%) | 49 (18%) | 20 (12%) | 2.55 (2.04–3.19) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 286 (86%) | 210 (92%) | 251 (90%) | 262 (97%) | 162 (98%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 46 (14%) | 19 (8%) | 28 (10%) | 9 (3%) | 4 (2%) | 2.49 (1.73–3.59) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenessh | 1.8 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.3) | 0.39 (0.36–0.43) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetyh | 1.8 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.3) | 0.40 (0.36–0.44) | <0.0001 |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Urban/rural status | 0.06 | ||||||
| Urban/suburban resident | 281 (83%) | 188 (82%) | 232 (82%) | 211 (77%) | 132 (79%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Rural resident | 56 (17%) | 42 (18%) | 51 (18%) | 62 (23%) | 35 (21%) | 0.79 (0.62–1.01) | |
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 59.8 (3.5) | 59.8 (3.5) | 59.8 (3.6) | 59.5 (3.6) | 59.8 (3.4) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.52 |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 74.1 (21.5) | 72.2 (22.3) | 73.3 (22.0) | 72.6 (22.2) | 76.6 (20.9) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.53 |
| COVID-19 community burden | 21.1 (12.4) | 21.0 (13.7) | 22.1 (13.2) | 24.0 (15.3) | 22.7 (14.2) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.01 |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.95 (0.12) | 0.93 (0.15) | 0.92 (0.15) | 0.92 (0.14) | 0.92 (0.14) | 1.94 (0.97–3.88) | 0.06 |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.56 (0.04) | 2.43 (0.19–30.60) | 0.49 |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
bOdds ratios and p-values were derived from proportional odds models additionally adjusted for age. The six specific chronic diseases were additionally adjusted for each other.
cScored as 1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
dScored as 1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
eSum of days per week for each of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0 to 28
fSum of days per week for each of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
gScored as 1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
hScored as 1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.