Appendix Table 3B.
Simple associations between individual and community characteristics and intent to receive COVID-19 Vaccination – White Females
| CHARACTERISTICSa | White females |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very unlikely |
Somewhat unlikely |
Neither likely nor unlikely |
Somewhat likely |
Very likely |
OR (95% CI)b | p-Value | |
| n = 291 | n = 114 | n = 214 | n = 332 | n = 530 | |||
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 65.6 (7.7) | 67.3 (7.5) | 66.8 (7.5) | 67.9 (7.8) | 67.9 (7.4) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | <0.0001 |
| Educational attainment | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 14 (5%) | 4 (4%) | 12 (6%) | 7 (2%) | 13 (2%) | 1.15 (0.69–1.92) | |
| High school or some college | 180 (63%) | 72 (63%) | 119 (56%) | 144 (44%) | 210 (40%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 94 (33%) | 38 (33%) | 82 (39%) | 180 (54%) | 306 (58%) | 0.48 (0.40–0.58) | |
| Household income | <0.0001 | ||||||
| <$15000 | 58 (20%) | 23 (20%) | 33 (15%) | 41 (12%) | 55 (10%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $15000 to $49999 | 130 (45%) | 55 (48%) | 92 (43%) | 130 (39%) | 182 (34%) | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | |
| $50000+ | 103 (35%) | 36 (32%) | 89 (42%) | 160 (48%) | 292 (55%) | 0.46 (0.34–0.60) | |
| Any chronic disease | 0.03 | ||||||
| No | 67 (23%) | 28 (25%) | 51 (24%) | 86 (26%) | 151 (29%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 220 (77%) | 86 (75%) | 162 (76%) | 243 (74%) | 372 (71%) | 1.27 (1.03–1.57) | |
| Diabetes | 0.09 | ||||||
| No | 199 (70%) | 79 (70%) | 147 (69%) | 251 (76%) | 407 (77%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 87 (30%) | 34 (30%) | 66 (31%) | 78 (24%) | 120 (23%) | 1.22 (0.97–1.54) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.11 | ||||||
| No | 191 (67%) | 78 (69%) | 159 (76%) | 230 (73%) | 395 (76%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 92 (33%) | 35 (31%) | 51 (24%) | 86 (27%) | 122 (24%) | 1.19 (0.96–1.49) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.04 | ||||||
| No | 117 (40%) | 46 (40%) | 80 (38%) | 148 (45%) | 248 (47%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 172 (60%) | 68 (60%) | 133 (62%) | 183 (55%) | 280 (53%) | 1.24 (1.01–1.52) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.04 | ||||||
| No | 275 (96%) | 108 (96%) | 198 (94%) | 314 (96%) | 491 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 10 (4%) | 4 (4%) | 12 (6%) | 14 (4%) | 31 (6%) | 0.62 (0.39–0.97) | |
| Cancer under active treatment | 0.32 | ||||||
| No | 276 (95%) | 109 (96%) | 203 (95%) | 319 (96%) | 500 (95%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 15 (5%) | 5 (4%) | 10 (5%) | 12 (4%) | 29 (5%) | 0.80 (0.51–1.25) | |
| Other chronic disease | 0.14 | ||||||
| No | 224 (79%) | 88 (79%) | 166 (79%) | 258 (79%) | 437 (84%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 59 (21%) | 24 (21%) | 44 (21%) | 69 (21%) | 86 (16%) | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.4 (8.5) | 29.5 (9.0) | 30.7 (8.8) | 29.2 (9.0) | 28.2 (7.3) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.001 |
| Self-reported health status | 0.05 | ||||||
| Excellent | 35 (12%) | 12 (11%) | 28 (13%) | 31 (9%) | 85 (16%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 109 (37%) | 49 (43%) | 67 (31%) | 131 (39%) | 222 (42%) | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | |
| Good | 103 (35%) | 34 (30%) | 84 (39%) | 103 (31%) | 160 (30%) | 1.42 (1.05–1.93) | |
| Fair | 36 (12%) | 18 (16%) | 30 (14%) | 61 (18%) | 47 (9%) | 1.57 (1.10–2.26) | |
| Poor | 8 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 5 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 16 (3%) | 1.00 (0.53–1.91) | |
| Smoking status | 0.04 | ||||||
| nonsmoker | 254 (87%) | 99 (87%) | 190 (89%) | 299 (90%) | 491 (93%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Current smoker | 37 (13%) | 15 (13%) | 24 (11%) | 33 (10%) | 39 (7%) | 1.38 (1.01–1.88) | |
| Employment status | 0.13 | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 201 (69%) | 81 (71%) | 144 (67%) | 227 (68%) | 368 (69%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Currently employed | 90 (31%) | 33 (29%) | 70 (33%) | 105 (32%) | 162 (31%) | 0.85 (0.69–1.05) | |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day) | 0.94 | ||||||
| 0 | 31 (34%) | 13 (39%) | 27 (39%) | 34 (33%) | 65 (40%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 0.1 to <1 | 16 (18%) | 5 (15%) | 18 (26%) | 24 (23%) | 31 (19%) | 1.02 (0.65–1.61) | |
| 1 to <3 | 6 (7%) | 7 (21%) | 6 (9%) | 12 (12%) | 15 (9%) | 1.05 (0.59–1.89) | |
| ≥3 | 37 (41%) | 8 (24%) | 19 (27%) | 34 (33%) | 51 (31%) | 1.13 (0.76–1.69) | |
| Household composition | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 93 (32%) | 31 (28%) | 70 (33%) | 101 (31%) | 185 (35%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children | 157 (55%) | 75 (67%) | 125 (60%) | 206 (63%) | 322 (61%) | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | |
| Lives with child(ren) | 37 (13%) | 6 (5%) | 14 (7%) | 18 (6%) | 19 (4%) | 2.27 (1.52–3.40) | |
| Spirituality/religiosity | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Very | 175 (61%) | 68 (60%) | 102 (48%) | 152 (46%) | 245 (46%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 87 (30%) | 28 (25%) | 83 (39%) | 134 (40%) | 199 (38%) | 0.68 (0.56–0.84) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 25 (9%) | 18 (16%) | 27 (13%) | 45 (14%) | 85 (16%) | 0.60 (0.45–0.80) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.002 | ||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 187 (64%) | 75 (66%) | 137 (64%) | 228 (69%) | 351 (66%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 72 (25%) | 30 (27%) | 61 (29%) | 83 (25%) | 151 (28%) | 0.71 (0.56–0.91) | |
| Only military/other | 16 (6%) | 6 (5%) | 9 (4%) | 13 (4%) | 21 (4%) | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | |
| No health insurance | 16 (6%) | 2 (2%) | 7 (3%) | 8 (2%) | 7 (1%) | 1.81 (1.00–3.27) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityc | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.37 (1.17–1.60) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsd | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.25 (1.08–1.46) | 0.003 |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 1 | ||||||
| No | 282 (98%) | 109 (96%) | 204 (97%) | 321 (98%) | 507 (97%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 7 (2%) | 5 (4%) | 7 (3%) | 5 (2%) | 15 (3%) | 1.00 (0.56–1.77) | |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | 0.001 | ||||||
| No experience | 243 (84%) | 96 (84%) | 187 (87%) | 300 (90%) | 485 (92%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Experienced discrimination | 38 (13%) | 14 (12%) | 21 (10%) | 20 (6%) | 30 (6%) | 1.85 (1.33–2.59) | |
| Unknown | 10 (3%) | 4 (4%) | 6 (3%) | 12 (4%) | 15 (3%) | 1.17 (0.70–1.97) | |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scoree | 23.7 (6.9) | 25.0 (5.1) | 25.7 (4.4) | 25.3 (4.5) | 25.4 (3.9) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | <0.0001 |
| Community protective behaviors scoref | 15.6 (7.2) | 17.6 (5.1) | 18.2 (4.5) | 18.1 (4.6) | 18.7 (4.0) | 0.93 (0.92–0.95) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19g | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.1) | 0.78 (0.71–0.85) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19g | 3.9 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.4) | 3.6 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.3) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 0.73 |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.07 | ||||||
| Never tested | 201 (69%) | 79 (69%) | 136 (64%) | 197 (60%) | 328 (62%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 84 (29%) | 33 (29%) | 69 (33%) | 129 (39%) | 184 (35%) | 0.80 (0.65–0.97) | |
| Ever tested positive | 6 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 6 (3%) | 4 (1%) | 13 (2%) | 0.82 (0.43–1.57) | |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.67 | ||||||
| No | 192 (98%) | 81 (98%) | 137 (96%) | 221 (97%) | 334 (97%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 4 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 6 (4%) | 7 (3%) | 11 (3%) | 0.87 (0.45–1.67) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 147 (51%) | 79 (69%) | 159 (75%) | 299 (90%) | 501 (95%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 141 (49%) | 35 (31%) | 54 (25%) | 33 (10%) | 28 (5%) | 6.69 (5.20–8.60) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 235 (82%) | 103 (91%) | 202 (96%) | 328 (99%) | 526 (99.6%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 53 (18%) | 10 (9%) | 8 (4%) | 3 (1%) | 2 (0.4%) | 12.13 (7.31–20.15) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenessh | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.1) | 0.40 (0.37–0.44) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetyh | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.1) | 0.41 (0.38–0.45) | <0.0001 |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Urban/rural status | 0.0001 | ||||||
| Urban/suburban resident | 204 (70%) | 83 (73%) | 172 (80%) | 253 (76%) | 439 (83%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Rural resident | 87 (30%) | 31 (27%) | 42 (20%) | 79 (24%) | 91 (17%) | 1.54 (1.23–1.92) | |
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 60.6 (4.0) | 61.2 (4.0) | 60.8 (4.5) | 60.4 (4.2) | 60.9 (4.1) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.66 |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 65.3 (22.4) | 65.3 (22.5) | 60.1 (24.7) | 56.5 (25.5) | 52.0 (24.9) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 |
| COVID-19 community burden | 24.4 (15.8) | 22.9 (14.2) | 24.0 (17.5) | 24.7 (15.0) | 23.4 (15.3) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.54 |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.90 (0.17) | 0.89 (0.19) | 0.94 (0.14) | 0.92 (0.15) | 0.94 (0.13) | 0.31 (0.17–0.56) | 0.0001 |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.54 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.05) | 0.54 (0.05) | 0.54 (0.04) | 0.53 (0.05) | 2.23 (0.30–16.61) | 0.44 |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
bOdds ratios and p-values were derived from proportional odds models additionally adjusted for age. The six specific chronic diseases were additionally adjusted for each other.
cScored as 1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
dScored as 1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
eSum of days per week for each of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0 to 28
fSum of days per week for each of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
gScored as 1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
hScored as 1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.