Appendix Table 3C.
Simple associations between individual and community characteristics and intent to receive COVID-19 vaccination – Black males
| CHARACTERISTICSa | Black males |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very unlikely |
Somewhat unlikely |
Neither likely nor unlikely |
Somewhat likely |
Very likely |
OR (95% CI)b | p-Value | |
| n = 88 | n = 63 | n = 75 | n = 119 | n = 80 | |||
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 66.4 (8.2) | 65.9 (6.9) | 66.3 (6.3) | 66.1 (6.2) | 67.3 (6.2) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.37 |
| Educational attainment | 0.82 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 6 (7%) | 5 (8%) | 10 (14%) | 7 (6%) | 6 (8%) | 1.06 (0.56–2.01) | |
| High school or some college | 46 (54%) | 38 (60%) | 39 (53%) | 69 (58%) | 37 (48%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 33 (39%) | 20 (32%) | 24 (33%) | 43 (36%) | 34 (44%) | 0.90 (0.62–1.31) | |
| Household income | 0.27 | ||||||
| <$15000 | 23 (26%) | 17 (27%) | 23 (31%) | 23 (19%) | 15 (19%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $15000 to $49999 | 32 (36%) | 23 (37%) | 29 (39%) | 48 (40%) | 29 (36%) | 0.77 (0.49–1.20) | |
| $50000+ | 33 (38%) | 23 (37%) | 22 (30%) | 48 (40%) | 36 (45%) | 0.69 (0.44–1.08) | |
| Any chronic disease | 0.06 | ||||||
| No | 15 (17%) | 11 (17%) | 5 (7%) | 12 (10%) | 8 (10%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 71 (83%) | 52 (83%) | 69 (93%) | 106 (90%) | 72 (90%) | 0.61 (0.36–1.02) | |
| Diabetes | 0.43 | ||||||
| No | 44 (50%) | 30 (49%) | 34 (46%) | 66 (56%) | 36 (46%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 44 (50%) | 31 (51%) | 40 (54%) | 52 (44%) | 43 (54%) | 1.17 (0.80–1.70) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.79 | ||||||
| No | 65 (77%) | 45 (73%) | 55 (76%) | 91 (80%) | 60 (76%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 19 (23%) | 17 (27%) | 17 (24%) | 23 (20%) | 19 (24%) | 1.06 (0.69–1.62) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.07 | ||||||
| No | 28 (32%) | 15 (24%) | 13 (18%) | 26 (22%) | 14 (18%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 60 (68%) | 48 (76%) | 61 (82%) | 93 (78%) | 65 (82%) | 0.67 (0.43–1.04) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.21 | ||||||
| No | 77 (96%) | 60 (98%) | 65 (89%) | 105 (90%) | 69 (88%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 3 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 8 (11%) | 12 (10%) | 9 (12%) | 0.65 (0.33–1.28) | |
| Cancer under active treatment | 0.51 | ||||||
| No | 83 (95%) | 59 (95%) | 73 (97%) | 109 (92%) | 74 (93%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 4 (5%) | 3 (5%) | 2 (3%) | 10 (8%) | 6 (8%) | 0.78 (0.36–1.65) | |
| Other chronic disease | 0.5 | ||||||
| No | 72 (85%) | 45 (71%) | 59 (81%) | 81 (70%) | 64 (80%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 13 (15%) | 18 (29%) | 14 (19%) | 35 (30%) | 16 (20%) | 0.86 (0.56–1.33) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.3 (5.6) | 31.2 (6.2) | 31.0 (7.2) | 29.6 (5.7) | 29.5 (6.4) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.53 |
| Self-reported health status | 0.7 | ||||||
| Excellent | 10 (11%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (5%) | 7 (6%) | 7 (9%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 35 (40%) | 19 (30%) | 21 (28%) | 35 (29%) | 24 (30%) | 1.06 (0.52–2.17) | |
| Good | 32 (36%) | 25 (40%) | 39 (52%) | 45 (38%) | 38 (48%) | 0.81 (0.40–1.62) | |
| Fair | 10 (11%) | 16 (25%) | 10 (13%) | 30 (25%) | 9 (11%) | 0.84 (0.39–1.80) | |
| Poor | 1 (1%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 0.69 (0.17–2.77) | |
| Smoking status | 0.53 | ||||||
| nonsmoker | 74 (84%) | 54 (86%) | 58 (77%) | 97 (82%) | 66 (83%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Current smoker | 14 (16%) | 9 (14%) | 17 (23%) | 22 (18%) | 14 (18%) | 0.87 (0.55–1.36) | |
| Employment status | 0.72 | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 60 (68%) | 41 (65%) | 60 (80%) | 82 (69%) | 57 (72%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Currently employed | 28 (32%) | 22 (35%) | 15 (20%) | 37 (31%) | 22 (28%) | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day) | 0.59 | ||||||
| 0 | 12 (43%) | 6 (27%) | 6 (40%) | 6 (16%) | 8 (36%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 0.1 to <1 | 9 (32%) | 6 (27%) | 4 (27%) | 16 (43%) | 8 (36%) | 0.59 (0.27–1.28) | |
| 1 to <3 | 2 (7%) | 2 (9%) | 1 (7%) | 4 (11%) | 1 (5%) | 0.76 (0.22–2.62) | |
| ≥3 | 5 (18%) | 8 (36%) | 4 (27%) | 11 (30%) | 5 (23%) | 0.67 (0.30–1.54) | |
| Household composition | 0.4 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 26 (30%) | 17 (28%) | 26 (35%) | 31 (27%) | 19 (24%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children | 54 (61%) | 35 (57%) | 45 (60%) | 71 (61%) | 49 (61%) | 0.89 (0.60–1.31) | |
| Lives with child(ren) | 8 (9%) | 9 (15%) | 4 (5%) | 14 (12%) | 12 (15%) | 0.66 (0.36–1.20) | |
| Spirituality/religiosity | 0.09 | ||||||
| Very | 54 (64%) | 38 (61%) | 41 (56%) | 64 (54%) | 37 (48%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 23 (27%) | 19 (31%) | 20 (27%) | 43 (36%) | 29 (38%) | 0.67 (0.46–0.98) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 8 (9%) | 5 (8%) | 12 (16%) | 11 (9%) | 11 (14%) | 0.70 (0.40–1.22) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.06 | ||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 53 (60%) | 38 (60%) | 56 (75%) | 79 (66%) | 52 (66%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 15 (17%) | 14 (22%) | 9 (12%) | 30 (25%) | 17 (22%) | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) | |
| Only military/other | 13 (15%) | 7 (11%) | 9 (12%) | 7 (6%) | 7 (9%) | 1.64 (0.91–2.96) | |
| No health insurance | 7 (8%) | 4 (6%) | 1 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 3 (4%) | 2.22 (0.92–5.35) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityc | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.09 (0.92–1.31) | 0.32 |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsd | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.06 (0.88–1.29) | 0.54 |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 0.74 | ||||||
| No | 78 (93%) | 54 (93%) | 61 (86%) | 106 (94%) | 71 (93%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 6 (7%) | 4 (7%) | 10 (14%) | 7 (6%) | 5 (7%) | 1.11 (0.59–2.11) | |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | 0.08 | ||||||
| No experience | 59 (67%) | 45 (71%) | 52 (69%) | 88 (74%) | 67 (84%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Experienced discrimination | 19 (22%) | 10 (16%) | 11(15%) | 19 (16%) | 9 (11%) | 1.55 (0.97–2.47) | |
| Unknown | 10 (11%) | 8 (13%) | 12 (16%) | 12 (10%) | 4 (5%) | 1.57 (0.90–2.73) | |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scoree | 25.5 (4.8) | 26.7 (2.4) | 26.1 (4.2) | 26.1 (3.6) | 25.5 (4.4) | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 0.82 |
| Community protective behaviors scoref | 18.4 (4.9) | 20.0 (2.2) | 18.4 (4.4) | 18.8 (4.6) | 19.3 (3.7) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.54 |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19g | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.5 (0.9) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.2) | 0.75 (0.63–0.88) | 0.0005 |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19g | 3.8 (1.4) | 3.5 (1.4) | 3.9 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.2) | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.21 |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.13 | ||||||
| Never tested | 55 (63%) | 32 (51%) | 42 (56%) | 60 (51%) | 38 (48%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 30 (34%) | 27 (43%) | 30 (40%) | 55 (47%) | 38 (48%) | 0.70 (0.49–0.99) | |
| Ever tested positive | 2 (2%) | 4 (6%) | 3 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 4 (5%) | 0.73 (0.30–1.81) | |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.08 | ||||||
| No | 60 (97%) | 44 (100%) | 48 (98%) | 80 (93%) | 57 (93%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 2 (3%) | 0 | 1 (2%) | 6 (7%) | 4 (7%) | 0.41 (0.15–1.12) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 43 (50%) | 50 (79%) | 42 (57%) | 91 (77%) | 65 (81%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 43 (50%) | 13 (21%) | 22 (43%) | 27 (23%) | 15 (19%) | 2.20 (1.51–3.21) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | 0.0006 | ||||||
| Yes | 72 (83%) | 56 (90%) | 70 (95%) | 112 (97%) | 75 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 15 (17%) | 6 (10%) | 4 (5%) | 3 (3%) | 5 (6%) | 3.15 (1.64–6.04) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenessh | 2.0 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.1) | 0.38 (0.33–0.45) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetyh | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.2) | 0.41 (0.35–0.48) | <0.0001 |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Urban/rural status | 0.35 | ||||||
| Urban/suburban resident | 69 (78%) | 51 (81%) | 57 (76%) | 92 (77%) | 69 (86%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Rural resident | 19 (22%) | 12 (19%) | 18 (24%) | 27 (23%) | 11 (14%) | 1.22 (0.80–1.86) | |
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 59.9 (3.5) | 59.7 (3.7) | 59.5 (3.9) | 59.7 (3.5) | 59.7 (3.2) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.73 |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 71.0 (26.1) | 70.9 (22.4) | 75.6 (21.3) | 73.2 (22.2) | 68.8 (26.3) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.71 |
| COVID-19 community burden | 20.7 (11.8) | 23.0 (12.5) | 23.0 (14.2) | 24.5 (16.1) | 23.6 (13.3) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.13 |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.92 (0.14) | 0.94 (0.13) | 0.91 (0.17) | 0.93 (0.13) | 0.94 (0.12) | 0.54 (0.16–1.84) | 0.32 |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.57 (0.03) | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.57 (0.03) | 0.56 (0.03) | 1.11 (0.01–130.82) | 0.97 |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
bOdds ratios and p-values were derived from proportional odds models additionally adjusted for age. The six specific chronic diseases were additionally adjusted for each other.
cScored as 1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
dScored as 1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
eSum of days per week for each of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0 to 28
fSum of days per week for each of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
gScored as 1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
hScored as 1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.