Appendix Table 3D.
Simple associations between individual and community characteristics and intent to receive COVID-19 vaccination – White males
| CHARACTERISTICS | White males |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very unlikely |
Somewhat unlikely |
Neither likely nor unlikely |
Somewhat likely |
Very likely |
OR (95% CI)b | p-Value | |
| n = 107 | n = 68 | n = 72 | n = 196 | n = 558 | |||
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICSa | |||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 66.8 (7.0) | 67.5 (8.3) | 66.5 (6.4) | 70.3 (7.4) | 71.0 (7.3) | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | <0.0001 |
| Educational attainment | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 3 (4%) | 1 (1%) | 5 (1%) | 0.91 (0.30–2.73) | |
| High school or some college | 49 (46%) | 33 (49%) | 38 (53%) | 70 (36%) | 141 (25%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 56 (53%) | 34 (50%) | 31 (43%) | 125 (64%) | 410 (74%) | 0.51 (0.40–0.66) | |
| Household income | <0.0001 | ||||||
| <$15000 | 15 (14%) | 9 (13%) | 16 (22%) | 15 (8%) | 23 (4%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $15000 to $49999 | 27 (25%) | 23 (34%) | 24 (33%) | 46 (23%) | 108 (19%) | 0.66 (0.41–1.06) | |
| $50000+ | 65 (61%) | 36 (53%) | 32 (44%) | 135 (69%) | 426 (76%) | 0.40 (0.26–0.62) | |
| Any chronic disease | 0.59 | ||||||
| No | 25 (23%) | 17 (26%) | 7 (10%) | 35 (18%) | 112 (20%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 82 (77%) | 49 (74%) | 64 (90%) | 160 (82%) | 437 (80%) | 1.09 (0.80–1.47) | |
| Diabetes | 0.79 | ||||||
| No | 73 (69%) | 54 (79%) | 50 (69%) | 134 (69%) | 395 (71%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 33 (31%) | 14 (21%) | 22 (31%) | 61 (31%) | 158 (29%) | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.19 | ||||||
| No | 79 (76%) | 49 (74%) | 50 (72%) | 148 (77%) | 437 (80%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 25 (24%) | 17 (26%) | 19 (28%) | 45 (23%) | 106 (20%) | 1.22 (0.90–1.66) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.77 | ||||||
| No | 39 (36%) | 29 (43%) | 14 (20%) | 62 (32%) | 188 (34%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 68 (64%) | 39 (57%) | 57 (80%) | 134 (68%) | 368 (66%) | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.7 | ||||||
| No | 100 (95%) | 61 (92%) | 67 (93%) | 185 (96%) | 524 (95%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 5 (5%) | 5 (8%) | 5 (7%) | 7 (4%) | 27 (5%) | 1.12 (0.63–1.97) | |
| Cancer under active treatment | 0.97 | ||||||
| No | 103 (96%) | 64 (94%) | 68 (94%) | 179 (92%) | 521 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 4 (4%) | 4 (6%) | 4 (6%) | 16 (8%) | 35 (6%) | 1.01 (0.60–1.70) | |
| Other chronic disease | 0.57 | ||||||
| No | 91 (87%) | 53 (83%) | 56 (79%) | 167 (87%) | 474 (88%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 14 (13%) | 11 (17%) | 15 (21%) | 24 (13%) | 64 (12%) | 1.12 (0.77–1.62) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.4 (5.5) | 28.4 (6.1) | 29.8 (5.9) | 28.0 (5.3) | 27.7 (5.7) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.6 |
| Self-reported health status | 0.28 | ||||||
| Excellent | 20 (19%) | 9 (13%) | 4 (6%) | 22 (11%) | 88 (16%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 50 (47%) | 26 (38%) | 26 (36%) | 88 (45%) | 244 (44%) | 1.19 (0.82–1.72) | |
| Good | 23 (22%) | 21 (31%) | 28 (39%) | 59 (30%) | 164 (29%) | 1.16 (0.78–1.72) | |
| Fair | 9 (8%) | 9 (13%) | 11 (15%) | 25 (13%) | 55 (10%) | 1.26 (0.78–2.03) | |
| Poor | 5 (5%) | 3 (4%) | 3 (4%) | 2 (1%) | 7 (1%) | 2.64 (1.12–6.22) | |
| Smoking status | 0.25 | ||||||
| nonsmoker | 99 (93%) | 62 (91%) | 63 (88%) | 176 (90%) | 529 (95%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Current smoker | 8 (7%) | 6 (9%) | 9 (13%) | 20 (10%) | 29 (5%) | 1.30 (0.83–2.04) | |
| Employment status | 0.66 | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 64 (60%) | 47 (69%) | 52 (72%) | 136 (69%) | 407 (73%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Currently employed | 42 (40%) | 21 (31%) | 20 (28%) | 60 (31%) | 150 (27%) | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day) | 0.007 | ||||||
| 0 | 7 (17%) | 8 (38%) | 3 (15%) | 20 (33%) | 60 (40%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 0.1 to <1 | 7 (17%) | 2 (10%) | 12 (60%) | 18 (30%) | 41 (27%) | 1.51 (0.85–2.68) | |
| 1 to <3 | 11 (26%) | 7 (33%) | 2 (10%) | 8 (13%) | 19 (13%) | 2.75 (1.43–5.28) | |
| ≥3 | 17 (40%) | 4 (19%) | 3 (15%) | 14 (23%) | 30 (20%) | 2.29 (1.27–4.13) | |
| Household composition | 0.18 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 22 (21%) | 11 (16%) | 11 (15%) | 34 (18%) | 72 (13%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children | 78 (74%) | 52 (78%) | 55 (76%) | 145 (76%) | 455 (82%) | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | |
| Lives with child(ren) | 6 (6%) | 4 (6%) | 6 (8%) | 12 (6%) | 26 (5%) | 0.87 (0.48–1.55) | |
| Spirituality/religiosity | 0.0001 | ||||||
| Very | 52 (50%) | 27 (40%) | 36 (50%) | 74 (38%) | 177 (32%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 32 (30%) | 26 (38%) | 28 (39%) | 73 (37%) | 217 (39%) | 0.66 (0.50–0.87) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 21 (20%) | 15 (22%) | 8 (11%) | 49 (25%) | 161 (29%) | 0.52 (0.38–0.71) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.005 | ||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 65 (62%) | 45 (66%) | 48 (67%) | 146 (75%) | 420 (76%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 27 (26%) | 14 (21%) | 15 (21%) | 35 (18%) | 114 (21%) | 0.70 (0.50–0.99) | |
| Only military/other | 10 (10%) | 7 (10%) | 4 (6%) | 9 (5%) | 18 (3%) | 1.79 (1.03–3.09) | |
| No health insurance | 3 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 5 (7%) | 5 (3%) | 4 (1%) | 1.61 (0.69–3.77) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityc | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.32 (1.12–1.56) | 0.0009 |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsd | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.37 (1.15–1.62) | 0.0004 |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 0.5 | ||||||
| No | 102 (97%) | 63 (95%) | 67 (96%) | 184 (95%) | 541 (98%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 3 (3%) | 3 (5%) | 3 (4%) | 9 (5%) | 11 (2%) | 1.26 (0.64–2.51) | |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | 0.02 | ||||||
| No experience | 92 (86%) | 61 (90%) | 60 (83%) | 187 (95%) | 532 (95%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Experienced discrimination | 8 (7%) | 6 (9%) | 7 (10%) | 4 (2%) | 15 (3%) | 1.85 (1.04–3.32) | |
| Unknown | 7 (7%) | 1 (1%) | 5 (7%) | 5 (3%) | 11 (2%) | 1.99 (1.02–3.90) | |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scoree | 20.9 (7.9) | 22.1 (6.6) | 23.2 (6.5) | 23.8 (5.0) | 24.1 (4.4) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | <0.0001 |
| Community protective behaviors scoref | 14.0 (7.7) | 15.2 (7.2) | 16.1 (6.2) | 17.6 (5.2) | 18.0 (4.4) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19g | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.3 (1.0) | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 0.08 |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19g | 4.1 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.4) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.2) | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | 0.8 |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.69 | ||||||
| Never tested | 81 (76%) | 41 (61%) | 46 (64%) | 133 (68%) | 375 (67%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 24 (22%) | 23 (34%) | 24 (33%) | 57 (29%) | 170 (31%) | 0.90 (0.69–1.17) | |
| Ever tested positive | 2 (2%) | 3 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 6 (3%) | 11 (2%) | 1.11 (0.52–2.38) | |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.21 | ||||||
| No | 82 (96%) | 50 (93%) | 59 (98%) | 154 (96%) | 471 (98%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 3 (4%) | 4 (7%) | 1 (2%) | 7 (4%) | 12 (2%) | 1.58 (0.77–3.21) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 55 (52%) | 45 (66%) | 52 (72%) | 177 (90%) | 534 (96%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 51 (48%) | 23 (34%) | 20 (28%) | 19 (10%) | 24 (4%) | 7.84 (5.52–11.13) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 86 (82%) | 66 (97%) | 70 (97%) | 194 (99%) | 552 (99.6%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 19 (18%) | 2 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (0.4%) | 22.01 (9.16–52.92) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenessh | 2.5 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.1) | 0.45 (0.41–0.50) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetyh | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.1) | 0.43 (0.39–0.48) | <0.0001 |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Urban/rural status | 0.002 | ||||||
| Urban/suburban resident | 74 (70%) | 50 (74%) | 46 (64%) | 158 (81%) | 450 (81%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Rural resident | 32 (30%) | 18 (26%) | 26 (36%) | 38 (19%) | 108 (19%) | 1.58 (1.19–2.09) | |
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 61.1 (3.9) | 61.9 (4.1) | 61.7 (4.0) | 61.6 (3.7) | 61.6 (3.8) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.93 |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 59.3 (24.6) | 57.0 (26.8) | 63.0 (24.6) | 54.6 (23.2) | 49.2 (24.6) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 |
| COVID-19 community burden | 22.7 (15.3) | 24.6 (16.1) | 21.3 (13.2) | 22.8 (14.8) | 21.5 (14.3) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.18 |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.91 (0.17) | 0.89 (0.18) | 0.89 (0.19) | 0.92 (0.14) | 0.93 (0.15) | 0.35 (0.17–0.75) | 0.007 |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.53 (0.05) | 0.53 (0.05) | 0.53 (0.05) | 0.54 (0.04) | 0.53 (0.05) | 0.62 (0.05–8.00) | 0.71 |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
bOdds ratios and p-values were derived from proportional odds models additionally adjusted for age. The six specific chronic diseases were additionally adjusted for each other.
cScored as 1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
dScored as 1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
eSum of days per week for each of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0 to 28
fSum of days per week for each of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
gScored as 1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
hScored as 1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.