Appendix Table 3E.
Simple associations between individual and community characteristics and intent to receive COVID-19 vaccination – all other racial/ethnic groups
| CHARACTERISTICSa | All other racial/ethnic groups |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very unlikely |
Somewhat unlikely |
Neither likely nor unlikely |
Somewhat likely |
Very likely |
OR (95% CI)b | p-Value | |
| n = 45 | n = 34 | n = 57 | n = 64 | n = 89 | |||
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 66.1 (8.5) | 64.2 (7.6) | 66.4 (7.4) | 67.9 (7.9) | 68.5 (7.2) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.04 |
| Gender | 0.002 | ||||||
| Female | 34 (76%) | 24 (71%) | 45 (79%) | 34 (53%) | 46 (52%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Male | 11 (24%) | 10 (29%) | 12 (21%) | 30 (47%) | 43 (48%) | 0.49 (0.31–0.76) | |
| Educational attainment | 0.3 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 2 (6%) | 1 (3%) | 4 (8%) | 2 (4%) | 3 (4%) | 1.05 (0.36–3.02) | |
| High school or some college | 20 (61%) | 12 (41%) | 29 (59%) | 23 (47%) | 28 (38%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 11 (33%) | 16 (55%) | 16 (33%) | 24 (49%) | 42 (58%) | 0.69 (0.42–1.12) | |
| Household income | 0.04 | ||||||
| <$15000 | 10 (22%) | 6 (18%) | 14 (25%) | 11 (17%) | 11 (12%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $15000 to $49999 | 22 (49%) | 18 (53%) | 21 (37%) | 25 (39%) | 31 (35%) | 1.00 (0.56–1.79) | |
| $50000+ | 13 (29%) | 10 (29%) | 22 (39%) | 28 (44%) | 47 (53%) | 0.57 (0.31–1.03) | |
| Any chronic disease | 0.22 | ||||||
| No | 13 (30%) | 10 (29%) | 7 (13%) | 12 (19%) | 17 (20%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 31 (70%) | 24 (71%) | 49 (88%) | 52 (81%) | 70 (80%) | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | |
| Diabetes | 0.06 | ||||||
| No | 28 (62%) | 22 (67%) | 32 (56%) | 40 (63%) | 65 (74%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 17 (38%) | 11 (33%) | 25 (44%) | 24 (38%) | 23 (26%) | 1.60 (0.97–2.62) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.85 | ||||||
| No | 31 (70%) | 24 (73%) | 40 (70%) | 48 (75%) | 63 (74%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 13 (30%) | 9 (27%) | 17 (30%) | 16 (25%) | 22 (26%) | 1.05 (0.64–1.73) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.06 | ||||||
| No | 21 (47%) | 14 (41%) | 16 (28%) | 18 (28%) | 29 (33%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 24 (53%) | 20 (59%) | 41 (72%) | 46 (72%) | 60 (67%) | 0.61 (0.37–1.01) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.93 | ||||||
| No | 43 (96%) | 31 (94%) | 53 (95%) | 60 (97%) | 84 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 2 (4%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (5%) | 2 (3%) | 5 (6%) | 0.96 (0.35–2.60) | |
| Cancer under active treatment | 0.77 | ||||||
| No | 41 (91%) | 29 (85%) | 54 (95%) | 63 (98%) | 80 (90%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 4 (9%) | 5 (15%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 9 (10%) | 1.13 (0.50–2.55) | |
| Other chronic disease | 0.2 | ||||||
| No | 37 (82%) | 26 (76%) | 41 (73%) | 53 (83%) | 77 (89%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 8 (18%) | 8 (24%) | 15 (27%) | 11 (17%) | 10 (11%) | 1.45 (0.82–2.58) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.1 (8.8) | 29.6 (6.8) | 30.5 (6.7) | 28.7 (8.1) | 27.3 (5.7) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.04 |
| Self-reported health status | 0.31 | ||||||
| Excellent | 8 (18%) | 3 (9%) | 8 (14%) | 5 (8%) | 11 (12%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 14 (31%) | 14 (41%) | 20 (35%) | 30 (47%) | 42 (47%) | 0.75 (0.38–1.47) | |
| Good | 14 (31%) | 11 (32%) | 18 (32%) | 16 (25%) | 25 (28%) | 0.89 (0.44–1.80) | |
| Fair | 6 (13%) | 6 (18%) | 9 (16%) | 13 (20%) | 10 (11%) | 0.87 (0.39–1.91) | |
| Poor | 3 (7%) | 0 | 2 (4%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | 3.70 (0.76–17.99) | |
| Smoking status | 0.75 | ||||||
| nonsmoker | 40 (89%) | 31 (91%) | 52 (93%) | 63 (98%) | 81 (91%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Current smoker | 5 (11%) | 3 (9%) | 4 (7%) | 1 (2%) | 8 (9%) | 0.88 (0.39–1.98) | |
| Employment status | 0.43 | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 27 (60%) | 25 (74%) | 40 (70%) | 44 (69%) | 67 (75%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Currently employed | 18 (40%) | 9 (26%) | 17 (30%) | 20 (31%) | 22 (25%) | 1.22 (0.75–1.97) | |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day) | 0.69 | ||||||
| 0 | 7 (39%) | 1 (11%) | 7 (41%) | 8 (40%) | 9 (41%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 0.1 to <1 | 2 (11%) | 0 | 2 (12%) | 1 (5%) | 4 (18%) | 0.70 (0.18–2.63) | |
| 1 to <3 | 3 (17%) | 4 (44%) | 5 (29%) | 3 (15%) | 3 (14%) | 1.60 (0.57–4.48) | |
| ≥3 | 6 (33%) | 4 (44%) | 3 (18%) | 8 (40%) | 6 (27%) | 1.13 (0.45–2.82) | |
| Household composition | 0.42 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 9 (20%) | 11 (32%) | 19 (34%) | 19 (31%) | 25 (28%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children | 31 (70%) | 21 (62%) | 30 (54%) | 37 (60%) | 59 (67%) | 1.37 (0.84–2.24) | |
| Lives with child(ren) | 4 (9%) | 2 (6%) | 7 (13%) | 6 (10%) | 4 (5%) | 1.39 (0.61–3.19) | |
| Spirituality/religiosity | 0.03 | ||||||
| Very | 22 (54%) | 18 (55%) | 30 (56%) | 25 (42%) | 31 (37%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 15 (37%) | 10 (30%) | 17 (31%) | 24 (41%) | 27 (33%) | 0.79 (0.49–1.28) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 4 (10%) | 5 (15%) | 7 (13%) | 10 (17%) | 25 (30%) | 0.44 (0.24–0.82) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.4 | ||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 28 (62%) | 21 (62%) | 39 (68%) | 43 (67%) | 62 (70%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 13 (29%) | 8 (24%) | 15 (26%) | 18 (28%) | 22 (25%) | 0.94 (0.55–1.62) | |
| Only military/other | 3 (7%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (5%) | 3 (5%) | 4 (4%) | 1.12 (0.43–2.94) | |
| No health insurance | 1 (2%) | 3 (9%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | 3.98 (0.75–21.02) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityc | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.29 (0.99–1.69) | 0.06 |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsd | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.25 (0.96–1.62) | 0.1 |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 0.34 | ||||||
| No | 43 (96%) | 30 (91%) | 53 (93%) | 56 (90%) | 87 (98%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 2 (4%) | 3 (9%) | 4 (7%) | 6 (10%) | 2 (2%) | 1.53 (0.64–3.66) | |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | 0.24 | ||||||
| No experience | 35 (78%) | 28 (82%) | 46 (81%) | 52 (81%) | 78 (88%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Experienced discrimination | 10 (22%) | 6 (18%) | 8 (14%) | 11 (17%) | 8 (9%) | 1.39 (0.77–2.52) | |
| Unknown | 0 | 0 | 3 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (3%) | 0.43 (0.11–1.74) | |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scoree | 24.0 (6.7) | 26.2 (3.6) | 25.4 (4.6) | 25.9 (3.1) | 24.8 (4.9) | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 0.13 |
| Community protective behaviors scoref | 17.1 (5.7) | 19.3 (2.6) | 17.8 (5.7) | 19.1 (2.8) | 19.1 (3.5) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.003 |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19g | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.4 (0.9) | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 0.59 |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19g | 3.7 (1.4) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.3) | 3.5 (1.2) | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 0.75 |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.29 | ||||||
| Never tested | 20 (44%) | 16 (47%) | 37 (65%) | 37 (58%) | 53 (60%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 23 (51%) | 16 (47%) | 18 (32%) | 24 (38%) | 35 (39%) | 1.35 (0.88–2.08) | |
| Ever tested positive | 2 (4%) | 2 (6%) | 2 (4%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 1.74 (0.55–5.49) | |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.71 | ||||||
| No | 34 (94%) | 23 (100%) | 37 (97%) | 43 (96%) | 62 (97%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 2 (6%) | 0 | 1 (3%) | 2 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 0.77 (0.20–2.99) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 26 (59%) | 23 (68%) | 42 (74%) | 52 (81%) | 85 (96%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 18 (41%) | 11 (32%) | 15 (26%) | 12 (19%) | 4 (4%) | 3.77 (2.21–6.41) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 35 (78%) | 30 (88%) | 52 (91%) | 61 (95%) | 88 (99%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 10 (22%) | 4 (12%) | 5 (9%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 4.98 (2.23–11.09) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenessh | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.2) | 3.3 (0.9) | 3.7 (1.2) | 0.46 (0.38–0.55) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetyh | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.1) | 0.43 (0.36–0.52) | <0.0001 |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Urban/rural status | 0.18 | ||||||
| Urban/suburban resident | 33 (73%) | 31 (91%) | 49 (86%) | 55 (86%) | 78 (88%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Rural resident | 12 (27%) | 3 (9%) | 8 (14%) | 9 (14%) | 11 (12%) | 1.48 (0.83–2.64) | |
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 60.4 (3.2) | 61.6 (3.3) | 61.0 (3.3) | 60.5 (4.0) | 61.5 (3.6) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.48 |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 67.7 (23.2) | 59.9 (22.8) | 59.2 (23.0) | 57.7 (20.6) | 54.2 (27.5) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.02 |
| COVID-19 community burden | 23.9 (17.4) | 19.8 (9.1) | 20.4 (14.0) | 22.1 (13.5) | 24.3 (17.8) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.26 |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.91 (0.15) | 0.97 (0.09) | 0.94 (0.13) | 0.94 (0.13) | 0.96 (0.09) | 0.34 (0.06–1.89) | 0.22 |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.03) | 0.54 (0.04) | 0.53 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.05) | 60.37 (0.39->999) | 0.11 |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
bOdds ratios and p-values were derived from proportional odds models additionally adjusted for age, sex. The six specific chronic diseases were additionally adjusted for each other.
cScored as 1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
dScored as 1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
eSum of days per week for each of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0 to 28
fSum of days per week for each of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
gScored as 1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
hScored as 1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.