Appendix Table 3F.
Simple associations between individual and community characteristics and intent to receive COVID-19 vaccination – age <65
| CHARACTERISTICSa | Age <65 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very unlikely |
Somewhat unlikely |
Neither likely nor unlikely |
Somewhat likely |
Very likely |
OR (95% CI)b | p-Value | |
| n = 442 | n = 260 | n = 327 | n = 383 | n = 439 | |||
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 59.6 (3.1) | 59.8 (3.2) | 59.8 (2.9) | 60.1 (3.1) | 60.1 (2.9) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.02 |
| Gender | 0.0002 | ||||||
| Female | 350 (79%) | 193 (74%) | 262 (80%) | 274 (72%) | 288 (66%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Male | 92 (21%) | 67 (26%) | 65 (20%) | 109 (28%) | 151 (34%) | 0.70 (0.58–0.85) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Black | 232 (52%) | 165 (63%) | 178 (54%) | 192 (50%) | 113 (26%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| White | 188 (43%) | 76 (29%) | 121 (37%) | 167 (44%) | 300 (68%) | 0.48 (0.41–0.57) | |
| Other/unknown | 22 (5%) | 19 (7%) | 28 (9%) | 24 (6%) | 26 (6%) | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) | |
| Educational attainment | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 24 (6%) | 16 (6%) | 23 (7%) | 18 (5%) | 25 (6%) | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) | |
| High school or some college | 275 (64%) | 159 (62%) | 193 (60%) | 206 (55%) | 190 (44%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 133 (31%) | 80 (31%) | 106 (33%) | 152 (40%) | 213 (50%) | 0.64 (0.54–0.76) | |
| Household income | 0.0002 | ||||||
| <$15000 | 128 (29%) | 75 (29%) | 102 (31%) | 97 (25%) | 87 (20%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $15000 to $49999 | 176 (40%) | 100 (38%) | 130 (40%) | 137 (36%) | 127 (29%) | 0.99 (0.80–1.21) | |
| $50000+ | 138 (31%) | 85 (33%) | 95 (29%) | 148 (39%) | 225 (51%) | 0.69 (0.56–0.85) | |
| Any chronic disease | 0.49 | ||||||
| No | 88 (20%) | 44 (17%) | 55 (17%) | 79 (21%) | 109 (25%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 349 (80%) | 215 (83%) | 269 (83%) | 304 (79%) | 329 (75%) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | |
| Diabetes | 0.74 | ||||||
| No | 248 (57%) | 145 (56%) | 189 (58%) | 230 (60%) | 293 (67%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 189 (43%) | 114 (44%) | 137 (42%) | 151 (40%) | 144 (33%) | 1.03 (0.86–1.25) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.07 | ||||||
| No | 291 (67%) | 181 (72%) | 208 (65%) | 280 (75%) | 314 (73%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 141 (33%) | 72 (28%) | 111 (35%) | 95 (25%) | 114 (27%) | 1.19 (0.99–1.45) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.98 | ||||||
| No | 160 (37%) | 83 (32%) | 96 (30%) | 136 (36%) | 180 (41%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 278 (63%) | 177 (68%) | 229 (70%) | 247 (64%) | 258 (59%) | 1.00 (0.83–1.22) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.78 | ||||||
| No | 411 (97%) | 241 (95%) | 301 (94%) | 361 (96%) | 420 (97%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 14 (3%) | 13 (5%) | 20 (6%) | 17 (5%) | 12 (3%) | 1.06 (0.70–1.63) | |
| Cancer under active treatment | 0.91 | ||||||
| No | 423 (96%) | 247 (95%) | 315 (96%) | 370 (97%) | 422 (96%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 18 (4%) | 13 (5%) | 12 (4%) | 12 (3%) | 17 (4%) | 1.03 (0.65–1.61) | |
| Other chronic disease | 0.86 | ||||||
| No | 329 (77%) | 193 (75%) | 231 (72%) | 283 (75%) | 354 (81%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 96 (23%) | 65 (25%) | 90 (28%) | 92 (25%) | 82 (19%) | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.5 (8.6) | 32.6 (8.4) | 33.3 (8.1) | 31.0 (8.8) | 29.9 (7.6) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.0004 |
| Self-reported health status | 0.72 | ||||||
| Excellent | 49 (11%) | 22 (8%) | 29 (9%) | 24 (6%) | 59 (13%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 141 (32%) | 77 (30%) | 79 (24%) | 131 (34%) | 166 (38%) | 0.87 (0.65–1.17) | |
| Good | 170 (38%) | 110 (42%) | 139 (43%) | 143 (37%) | 143 (33%) | 0.99 (0.74–1.33) | |
| Fair | 68 (15%) | 48 (18%) | 64 (20%) | 78 (20%) | 54 (12%) | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) | |
| Poor | 14 (3%) | 3 (1%) | 16 (5%) | 6 (2%) | 17 (4%) | 0.90 (0.52–1.53) | |
| Smoking status | 0.65 | ||||||
| nonsmoker | 368 (83%) | 215 (83%) | 270 (83%) | 313 (82%) | 376 (86%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Current smoker | 74 (17%) | 45 (17%) | 55 (17%) | 70 (18%) | 63 (14%) | 1.05 (0.85–1.31) | |
| Employment status | 0.2 | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 237 (54%) | 130 (50%) | 182 (56%) | 202 (53%) | 205 (47%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Currently employed | 204 (46%) | 130 (50%) | 145 (44%) | 180 (47%) | 233 (53%) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day) | 0.03 | ||||||
| 0 | 53 (26%) | 38 (29%) | 44 (30%) | 45 (25%) | 91 (39%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 0.1 to <1 | 31 (15%) | 21 (16%) | 39 (27%) | 40 (22%) | 50 (21%) | 1.05 (0.75–1.47) | |
| 1 to <3 | 21 (10%) | 23 (18%) | 12 (8%) | 14 (8%) | 28 (12%) | 1.48 (0.98–2.24) | |
| ≥3 | 99 (49%) | 47 (36%) | 50 (34%) | 80 (45%) | 64 (27%) | 1.45 (1.09–1.93) | |
| Household composition | 0.18 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 133 (30%) | 66 (26%) | 103 (32%) | 108 (29%) | 108 (25%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children | 231 (53%) | 148 (58%) | 171 (53%) | 226 (60%) | 281 (65%) | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | |
| Lives with child(ren) | 73 (17%) | 42 (16%) | 48 (15%) | 42 (11%) | 46 (11%) | 1.15 (0.88–1.51) | |
| Spirituality/religiosity | 0.0001 | ||||||
| Very | 257 (60%) | 145 (57%) | 171 (53%) | 177 (47%) | 188 (43%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 132 (31%) | 86 (34%) | 109 (34%) | 151 (40%) | 169 (39%) | 0.73 (0.61–0.87) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 41 (10%) | 25 (10%) | 44 (14%) | 52 (14%) | 79 (18%) | 0.64 (0.50–0.83) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.002 | ||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 148 (34%) | 94 (36%) | 126 (39%) | 128 (34%) | 122 (28%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 188 (43%) | 103 (40%) | 140 (43%) | 185 (48%) | 254 (58%) | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | |
| Only military/other | 65 (15%) | 39 (15%) | 36 (11%) | 42 (11%) | 44 (10%) | 1.16 (0.88–1.52) | |
| No health insurance | 39 (9%) | 24 (9%) | 24 (7%) | 27 (7%) | 19 (4%) | 1.35 (0.97–1.89) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityc | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 0.1 |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsd | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 0.81 |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 0.87 | ||||||
| No | 401 (95%) | 228 (91%) | 300 (94%) | 353 (95%) | 399 (95%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 22 (5%) | 23 (9%) | 19 (6%) | 20 (5%) | 23 (5%) | 1.03 (0.73–1.46) | |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | 0.07 | ||||||
| No experience | 315 (71%) | 179 (69%) | 227 (69%) | 289 (75%) | 364 (83%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Experienced discrimination | 89 (20%) | 61 (23%) | 72 (22%) | 71 (19%) | 52 (12%) | 1.24 (1.00–1.53) | |
| Unknown | 38 (9%) | 20 (8%) | 28 (9%) | 23 (6%) | 23 (5%) | 1.27 (0.92–1.76) | |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scoree | 24.9 (6.0) | 25.9 (4.7) | 26.1 (3.8) | 25.8 (3.8) | 25.5 (4.0) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | <0.0001 |
| Community protective behaviors scoref | 17.3 (6.1) | 18.3 (4.7) | 18.6 (4.5) | 18.4 (4.6) | 18.5 (3.9) | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19g | 2.2 (1.2) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.1) | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19g | 4.0 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.2) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.95 |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.07 | ||||||
| Never tested | 265 (60%) | 131 (50%) | 175 (54%) | 205 (54%) | 242 (55%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 161 (36%) | 106 (41%) | 141 (43%) | 160 (42%) | 177 (40%) | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) | |
| Ever tested positive | 16 (4%) | 23 (9%) | 9 (3%) | 17 (4%) | 19 (4%) | 0.85 (0.57–1.27) | |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.9 | ||||||
| No | 295 (95%) | 178 (93%) | 213 (96%) | 262 (96%) | 315 (95%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 14 (5%) | 13 (7%) | 10 (4%) | 11 (4%) | 15 (5%) | 0.97 (0.62–1.53) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 213 (49%) | 180 (70%) | 213 (66%) | 299 (78%) | 390 (89%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 224 (51%) | 79 (31%) | 112 (34%) | 82 (22%) | 47 (11%) | 3.33 (2.76–4.01) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 350 (80%) | 236 (91%) | 298 (92%) | 373 (98%) | 431 (98%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 90 (20%) | 23 (9%) | 26 (8%) | 9 (2%) | 7 (2%) | 5.40 (3.90–7.48) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenessh | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.1) | 0.40 (0.37–0.43) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetyh | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.1) | 0.40 (0.37–0.43) | <0.0001 |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Urban/rural status | 0.002 | ||||||
| Urban/suburban resident | 336 (76%) | 203 (78%) | 251 (77%) | 312 (81%) | 365 (83%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Rural resident | 105 (24%) | 57 (22%) | 76 (23%) | 71 (19%) | 74 (17%) | 1.38 (1.13–1.68) | |
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 60.2 (3.7) | 60.2 (3.7) | 60.3 (4.0) | 60.0 (3.8) | 60.7 (3.8) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.92 |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 69.8 (22.8) | 69.2 (23.3) | 69.2 (23.6) | 64.8 (23.9) | 60.0 (25.6) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | <0.0001 |
| COVID-19 community burden | 23.1 (14.7) | 23.1 (14.9) | 22.8 (14.3) | 24.6 (15.3) | 22.6 (14.0) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.93 |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.92 (0.15) | 0.92 (0.16) | 0.92 (0.15) | 0.93 (0.13) | 0.94 (0.13) | 0.56 (0.32–0.99) | 0.05 |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.05) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.05) | 0.80 (0.11–5.69) | 0.82 |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
bOdds ratios and p-values were derived from proportional odds models additionally adjusted for age, sex, race. The six specific chronic diseases were additionally adjusted for each other.
cScored as 1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
dScored as 1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
eSum of days per week for each of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0 to 28
fSum of days per week for each of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
gScored as 1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
hScored as 1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.