Appendix Table 3G.
Simple associations between individual and community characteristics and intent to receive COVID-19 vaccination – age ≥65
| CHARACTERISTICSa | Age ≥65 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very unlikely |
Somewhat unlikely |
Neither likely nor unlikely |
Somewhat likely |
Very likely |
OR (95% CI)b | p-Value | |
| n = 426 | n = 249 | n = 374 | n = 601 | n = 985 | |||
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 71.1 (5.3) | 71.5 (5.2) | 71.1 (5.3) | 72.0 (5.5) | 72.7 (5.3) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.03 |
| Gender | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Female | 312 (73%) | 175 (70%) | 280 (75%) | 365 (61%) | 455 (46%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Male | 114 (27%) | 74 (30%) | 94 (25%) | 236 (39%) | 530 (54%) | 0.48 (0.41–0.55) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Black | 193 (45%) | 128 (51%) | 180 (48%) | 200 (33%) | 134 (14%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| White | 210 (49%) | 106 (43%) | 165 (44%) | 361 (60%) | 788 (80%) | 0.33 (0.28–0.39) | |
| Other/unknown | 23 (5%) | 15 (6%) | 29 (8%) | 40 (7%) | 63 (6%) | 0.49 (0.36–0.66) | |
| Educational attainment | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 19 (5%) | 6 (2%) | 20 (5%) | 18 (3%) | 17 (2%) | 1.12 (0.74–1.68) | |
| High school or some college | 216 (52%) | 137 (55%) | 211 (58%) | 256 (44%) | 316 (33%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 178 (43%) | 104 (42%) | 135 (37%) | 314 (53%) | 639 (66%) | 0.63 (0.54–0.73) | |
| Household income | <0.0001 | ||||||
| <$15000 | 76 (18%) | 46 (18%) | 82 (22%) | 69 (11%) | 65 (7%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $15000 to $49999 | 208 (49%) | 119 (48%) | 161 (43%) | 244 (41%) | 306 (31%) | 0.84 (0.67–1.05) | |
| $50000+ | 142 (33%) | 84 (34%) | 130 (35%) | 288 (48%) | 612 (62%) | 0.52 (0.41–0.65) | |
| Any chronic disease | 0.45 | ||||||
| No | 70 (17%) | 43 (17%) | 43 (12%) | 96 (16%) | 198 (20%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 352 (83%) | 205 (83%) | 324 (88%) | 499 (84%) | 770 (80%) | 1.08 (0.89–1.30) | |
| Diabetes | 0.4 | ||||||
| No | 249 (59%) | 149 (61%) | 200 (54%) | 377 (63%) | 683 (70%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 173 (41%) | 95 (39%) | 172 (46%) | 219 (37%) | 292 (30%) | 1.07 (0.91–1.27) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.65 | ||||||
| No | 299 (73%) | 176 (73%) | 279 (77%) | 427 (74%) | 754 (78%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 112 (27%) | 66 (27%) | 84 (23%) | 152 (26%) | 208 (22%) | 1.04 (0.88–1.24) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.29 | ||||||
| No | 118 (28%) | 66 (27%) | 86 (23%) | 170 (28%) | 336 (34%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 308 (72%) | 183 (73%) | 286 (77%) | 430 (72%) | 644 (66%) | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.01 | ||||||
| No | 393 (95%) | 228 (95%) | 338 (92%) | 547 (93%) | 899 (93%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 20 (5%) | 11 (5%) | 29 (8%) | 40 (7%) | 69 (7%) | 0.69 (0.51–0.93) | |
| Cancer under active treatment | 0.09 | ||||||
| No | 406 (96%) | 231 (93%) | 354 (95%) | 562 (94%) | 909 (93%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 19 (4%) | 17 (7%) | 18 (5%) | 38 (6%) | 72 (7%) | 0.76 (0.56–1.04) | |
| Other chronic disease | 0.27 | ||||||
| No | 344 (82%) | 182 (75%) | 282 (77%) | 479 (81%) | 821 (86%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 74 (18%) | 61 (25%) | 82 (23%) | 111 (19%) | 137 (14%) | 1.12 (0.92–1.35) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.9 (7.4) | 29.7 (6.9) | 30.0 (7.6) | 29.1 (7.3) | 27.8 (6.2) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.05 |
| Self-reported health status | 0.47 | ||||||
| Excellent | 49 (12%) | 17 (7%) | 31 (8%) | 47 (8%) | 145 (15%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 168 (39%) | 92 (37%) | 115 (31%) | 231 (38%) | 413 (42%) | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | |
| Good | 145 (34%) | 92 (37%) | 165 (44%) | 214 (36%) | 308 (31%) | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | |
| Fair | 56 (13%) | 44 (18%) | 61 (16%) | 100 (17%) | 104 (11%) | 1.27 (0.95–1.69) | |
| Poor | 8 (2%) | 4 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 9 (2%) | 14 (1%) | 1.27 (0.68–2.37) | |
| Smoking status | 0.19 | ||||||
| nonsmoker | 396 (93%) | 231 (93%) | 342 (91%) | 558 (93%) | 938 (95%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Current smoker | 30 (7%) | 18 (7%) | 32 (9%) | 43 (7%) | 47 (5%) | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | |
| Employment status | 0.43 | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 330 (77%) | 205 (82%) | 309 (83%) | 475 (79%) | 808 (82%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Currently employed | 96 (23%) | 44 (18%) | 65 (17%) | 126 (21%) | 176 (18%) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day) | 0.76 | ||||||
| 0 | 37 (39%) | 13 (30%) | 28 (43%) | 48 (38%) | 70 (40%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 0.1 to <1 | 25 (26%) | 7 (16%) | 17 (26%) | 32 (25%) | 48 (27%) | 1.03 (0.68–1.54) | |
| 1 to <3 | 8 (8%) | 9 (20%) | 5 (8%) | 19 (15%) | 14 (8%) | 1.33 (0.77–2.29) | |
| ≥3 | 26 (27%) | 15 (34%) | 15 (23%) | 27 (21%) | 44 (25%) | 1.10 (0.73–1.65) | |
| Household composition | 0.23 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 161 (38%) | 80 (33%) | 135 (37%) | 189 (32%) | 255 (26%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children | 225 (53%) | 147 (60%) | 206 (56%) | 357 (61%) | 677 (69%) | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | |
| Lives with child(ren) | 35 (8%) | 19 (8%) | 27 (7%) | 39 (7%) | 43 (4%) | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | |
| Spirituality/religiosity | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Very | 269 (64%) | 149 (60%) | 215 (59%) | 298 (50%) | 410 (42%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 122 (29%) | 70 (28%) | 120 (33%) | 207 (35%) | 346 (36%) | 0.77 (0.66–0.91) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 27 (6%) | 29 (12%) | 30 (8%) | 86 (15%) | 218 (22%) | 0.50 (0.40–0.63) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.002 | ||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 382 (90%) | 223 (90%) | 339 (91%) | 537 (89%) | 877 (89%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 23 (5%) | 15 (6%) | 24 (6%) | 48 (8%) | 83 (8%) | 0.69 (0.52–0.91) | |
| Only military/other | 17 (4%) | 7 (3%) | 9 (2%) | 15 (3%) | 22 (2%) | 1.40 (0.91–2.16) | |
| No health insurance | 3 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 | 3.96 (1.17–13.48) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityc | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.27 (1.15–1.41) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsd | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.29 (1.17–1.43) | <0.0001 |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 0.08 | ||||||
| No | 406 (96%) | 232 (95%) | 342 (93%) | 569 (97%) | 959 (98%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 15 (4%) | 13 (5%) | 24 (7%) | 16 (3%) | 19 (2%) | 1.41 (0.96–2.08) | |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | 0.05 | ||||||
| No experience | 340 (80%) | 207 (83%) | 294 (79%) | 511 (85%) | 915 (93%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Experienced discrimination | 65 (15%) | 33 (13%) | 54 (14%) | 58 (10%) | 43 (4%) | 1.36 (1.07–1.74) | |
| Unknown | 21 (5%) | 9 (4%) | 26 (7%) | 32 (5%) | 27 (3%) | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scoree | 24.6 (6.2) | 25.3 (4.3) | 25.6 (4.9) | 25.3 (4.4) | 24.9 (4.2) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | <0.0001 |
| Community protective behaviors scoref | 17.3 (6.1) | 18.5 (4.8) | 18.3 (4.7) | 18.7 (4.2) | 18.6 (4.2) | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19g | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19g | 3.8 (1.3) | 3.5 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.3) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.78 |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.55 | ||||||
| Never tested | 268 (63%) | 150 (60%) | 225 (60%) | 360 (60%) | 634 (65%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 149 (35%) | 92 (37%) | 135 (36%) | 228 (38%) | 325 (33%) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | |
| Ever tested positive | 7 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 12 (3%) | 11 (2%) | 20 (2%) | 0.93 (0.57–1.51) | |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.87 | ||||||
| No | 257 (98%) | 157 (96%) | 229 (97%) | 391 (96%) | 707 (97%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 6 (2%) | 7 (4%) | 7 (3%) | 16 (4%) | 20 (3%) | 1.04 (0.64–1.70) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 243 (58%) | 181 (73%) | 277 (75%) | 542 (90%) | 940 (96%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 178 (42%) | 68 (27%) | 94 (25%) | 58 (10%) | 44 (4%) | 5.30 (4.35–6.45) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 364 (87%) | 229 (93%) | 347 (94%) | 584 (98%) | 972 (99%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 53 (13%) | 18 (7%) | 21 (6%) | 10 (2%) | 7 (1%) | 5.22 (3.61–7.54) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 effectivenessh | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.2) | 0.42 (0.40–0.45) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in COVID-19 safetyh | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.1) | 0.42 (0.40–0.45) | <0.0001 |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Urban/rural status | 0.02 | ||||||
| Urban/suburban resident | 325 (76%) | 200 (80%) | 305 (82%) | 457 (76%) | 803 (82%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Rural resident | 101 (24%) | 49 (20%) | 69 (18%) | 144 (24%) | 182 (18%) | 1.22 (1.03–1.45) | |
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 60.4 (3.8) | 60.8 (3.8) | 60.5 (4.0) | 60.5 (4.0) | 61.2 (4.0) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.69 |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 67.6 (23.8) | 66.0 (23.9) | 65.6 (24.3) | 61.3 (25.3) | 52.6 (26.2) | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) | <0.0001 |
| COVID-19 community burden | 21.9 (13.9) | 21.1 (12.5) | 22.4 (15.2) | 23.5 (14.9) | 22.7 (15.3) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.31 |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.92 (0.15) | 0.91 (0.16) | 0.93 (0.15) | 0.92 (0.15) | 0.94 (0.14) | 0.50 (0.31–0.81) | 0.004 |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.05) | 4.23 (0.85–21.16) | 0.08 |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
bOdds ratios and p-values were derived from proportional odds models additionally adjusted for age, sex, race. The six specific chronic diseases were additionally adjusted for each other.
cScored as 1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
dScored as 1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
eSum of days per week for each of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0 to 28
fSum of days per week for each of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
gScored as 1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
hScored as 1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.