Appendix Table 3H.
Simple associations between individual and community characteristics and intent to receive COVID-19 vaccination – rural residents
| CHARACTERISTICSa | Rural residents |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very unlikely |
Somewhat unlikely |
Neither likely nor unlikely |
Somewhat likely |
Very likely |
OR (95% CI)b | p-Value | |
| n = 206 | n = 106 | n = 145 | n = 215 | n = 256 | |||
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 65.0 (7.1) | 65.1 (7.2) | 65.3 (7.4) | 67.7 (6.8) | 68.9 (7.5) | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | <0.0001 |
| Gender | 0.001 | ||||||
| Female | 151 (73%) | 75 (71%) | 100 (69%) | 146 (68%) | 132 (52%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Male | 55 (27%) | 31 (29%) | 45 (31%) | 69 (32%) | 124 (48%) | 0.66 (0.51–0.85) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.0008 | ||||||
| Black | 75 (36%) | 54 (51%) | 69 (48%) | 89 (41%) | 46 (18%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| White | 119 (58%) | 49 (46%) | 68 (47%) | 117 (54%) | 199 (78%) | 0.62 (0.49–0.80) | |
| Other/unknown | 12 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 8 (6%) | 9 (4%) | 11 (4%) | 0.87 (0.49–1.53) | |
| Educational attainment | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 10 (5%) | 7 (7%) | 10 (7%) | 12 (6%) | 11 (4%) | 0.76 (0.45–1.28) | |
| High school or some college | 124 (62%) | 59 (56%) | 92 (66%) | 109 (51%) | 94 (37%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 65 (33%) | 39 (37%) | 38 (27%) | 92 (43%) | 146 (58%) | 0.53 (0.41–0.68) | |
| Household income | 0.01 | ||||||
| <$15000 | 42 (20%) | 18 (17%) | 39 (27%) | 42 (20%) | 24 (9%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $15000 to $49999 | 94 (46%) | 47 (44%) | 62 (43%) | 89 (42%) | 88 (34%) | 0.91 (0.66–1.27) | |
| $50000+ | 70 (34%) | 41 (39%) | 43 (30%) | 83 (39%) | 144 (56%) | 0.64 (0.46–0.90) | |
| Any chronic disease | 0.63 | ||||||
| No | 33 (16%) | 17 (16%) | 18 (13%) | 32 (15%) | 53 (21%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 172 (84%) | 89 (84%) | 125 (87%) | 182 (85%) | 202 (79%) | 1.08 (0.79–1.49) | |
| Diabetes | 0.56 | ||||||
| No | 114 (56%) | 59 (56%) | 86 (60%) | 118 (55%) | 166 (66%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 89 (44%) | 47 (44%) | 58 (40%) | 95 (45%) | 86 (34%) | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.25 | ||||||
| No | 141 (72%) | 70 (71%) | 105 (74%) | 156 (75%) | 193 (77%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 56 (28%) | 28 (29%) | 36 (26%) | 53 (25%) | 57 (23%) | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.41 | ||||||
| No | 56 (28%) | 28 (26%) | 39 (27%) | 58 (27%) | 86 (34%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 147 (72%) | 78 (74%) | 105 (73%) | 157 (73%) | 170 (66%) | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.03 | ||||||
| No | 196 (98%) | 98 (97%) | 136 (96%) | 198 (93%) | 230 (93%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 5 (2%) | 3 (3%) | 6 (4%) | 14 (7%) | 17 (7%) | 0.52 (0.30–0.92) | |
| Cancer under active treatment | 0.2 | ||||||
| No | 195 (95%) | 98 (92%) | 138 (95%) | 200 (93%) | 236 (92%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 11 (5%) | 8 (8%) | 7 (5%) | 15 (7%) | 20 (8%) | 0.72 (0.43–1.20) | |
| Other chronic disease | 0.47 | ||||||
| No | 167 (83%) | 73 (71%) | 109 (76%) | 158 (75%) | 204 (81%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 34 (17%) | 30 (29%) | 34 (24%) | 53 (25%) | 48 (19%) | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.1 (8.4) | 31.1 (7.7) | 31.6 (8.2) | 30.1 (8.6) | 28.7 (6.3) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.23 |
| Self-reported health status | 0.97 | ||||||
| Excellent | 20 (10%) | 7 (7%) | 8 (6%) | 9 (4%) | 29 (11%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 72 (35%) | 37 (35%) | 38 (26%) | 76 (35%) | 102 (40%) | 0.99 (0.63–1.57) | |
| Good | 77 (37%) | 37 (35%) | 67 (46%) | 78 (36%) | 83 (32%) | 1.06 (0.67–1.68) | |
| Fair | 30 (15%) | 23 (22%) | 26 (18%) | 48 (22%) | 35 (14%) | 1.00 (0.60–1.65) | |
| Poor | 7 (3%) | 2 (2%) | 6 (4%) | 4 (2%) | 7 (3%) | 1.23 (0.55–2.74) | |
| Smoking status | 0.97 | ||||||
| nonsmoker | 181 (88%) | 101 (95%) | 129 (90%) | 192 (89%) | 234 (91%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Current smoker | 25 (12%) | 5 (5%) | 15 (10%) | 23 (11%) | 22 (9%) | 1.01 (0.68–1.49) | |
| Employment status | 0.54 | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 127 (62%) | 73 (69%) | 101 (70%) | 155 (72%) | 189 (74%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Currently employed | 79 (38%) | 33 (31%) | 44 (30%) | 59 (28%) | 67 (26%) | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day) | 0.32 | ||||||
| 0 | 21 (27%) | 7 (21%) | 9 (20%) | 11 (19%) | 22 (33%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 0.1 to <1 | 13 (16%) | 4 (12%) | 12 (27%) | 17 (29%) | 18 (27%) | 0.79 (0.43–1.46) | |
| 1 to <3 | 11 (14%) | 7 (21%) | 1 (2%) | 8 (14%) | 7 (10%) | 1.55 (0.74–3.23) | |
| ≥3 | 34 (43%) | 15 (45%) | 22 (50%) | 23 (39%) | 20 (30%) | 1.14 (0.67–1.95) | |
| Household composition | 0.29 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 57 (28%) | 25 (24%) | 41 (28%) | 71 (34%) | 59 (23%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children | 120 (59%) | 70 (67%) | 86 (59%) | 126 (60%) | 180 (71%) | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | |
| Lives with child(ren) | 26 (13%) | 10 (10%) | 18 (12%) | 13 (6%) | 14 (6%) | 1.40 (0.89–2.21) | |
| Spirituality/religiosity | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Very | 128 (63%) | 65 (63%) | 72 (52%) | 111 (52%) | 107 (42%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 64 (32%) | 26 (25%) | 50 (36%) | 82 (39%) | 94 (37%) | 0.67 (0.52–0.86) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 11 (5%) | 13 (13%) | 16 (12%) | 19 (9%) | 53 (21%) | 0.41 (0.28–0.61) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.61 | ||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 123 (60%) | 60 (57%) | 101 (70%) | 163 (76%) | 185 (72%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 64 (31%) | 34 (32%) | 29 (20%) | 38 (18%) | 52 (20%) | 1.17 (0.85–1.60) | |
| Only military/other | 13 (6%) | 8 (8%) | 12 (8%) | 10 (5%) | 16 (6%) | 0.88 (0.53–1.44) | |
| No health insurance | 6 (3%) | 4 (4%) | 3 (2%) | 4 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 1.32 (0.58–3.01) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityc | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.20 (1.03–1.39) | 0.02 |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsd | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.27 (1.09–1.49) | 0.002 |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 0.17 | ||||||
| No | 195 (97%) | 91 (88%) | 130 (92%) | 198 (94%) | 246 (98%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 7 (3%) | 12 (12%) | 12 (8%) | 12 (6%) | 6 (2%) | 1.44 (0.86–2.40) | |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | 0.31 | ||||||
| No experience | 165 (80%) | 76 (72%) | 121 (83%) | 176 (82%) | 233 (91%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Experienced discrimination | 31 (15%) | 21 (20%) | 14 (10%) | 31 (14%) | 18 (7%) | 1.17 (0.81–1.68) | |
| Unknown | 10 (5%) | 9 (8%) | 10 (7%) | 8 (4%) | 5 (2%) | 1.49 (0.85–2.63) | |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scoree | 24.3 (6.3) | 25.6 (4.8) | 25.6 (4.3) | 25.6 (4.2) | 24.9 (4.5) | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 0.001 |
| Community protective behaviors scoref | 16.8 (6.5) | 18.5 (4.4) | 18.3 (5.4) | 18.6 (4.5) | 18.2 (4.5) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19g | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.5 (0.9) | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.009 |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19g | 4.0 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.3) | 1.11 (1.01–1.23) | 0.03 |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.48 | ||||||
| Never tested | 125 (61%) | 66 (62%) | 87 (60%) | 122 (57%) | 166 (65%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 75 (36%) | 32 (30%) | 51 (35%) | 81 (38%) | 77 (30%) | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | |
| Ever tested positive | 6 (3%) | 8 (8%) | 6 (4%) | 11 (5%) | 12 (5%) | 0.71 (0.41–1.25) | |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.9 | ||||||
| No | 141 (95%) | 75 (94%) | 101 (97%) | 133 (94%) | 186 (95%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 7 (5%) | 5 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 9 (6%) | 9 (5%) | 0.96 (0.51–1.80) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 112 (55%) | 83 (78%) | 93 (64%) | 186 (87%) | 236 (92%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 93 (45%) | 23 (22%) | 52 (36%) | 28 (13%) | 20 (8%) | 3.96 (2.96–5.29) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 176 (86%) | 96 (91%) | 132 (92%) | 210 (98%) | 254 (99%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 29 (14%) | 10 (9%) | 11 (8%) | 4 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 4.47 (2.65–7.55) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenessh | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.2) | 0.39 (0.35–0.43) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetyh | 1.9 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.1) | 0.37 (0.33–0.41) | <0.0001 |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 59.4 (3.9) | 59.9 (4.3) | 59.3 (4.5) | 59.0 (4.0) | 60.6 (4.3) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.78 |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 80.6 (16.9) | 83.1 (13.6) | 82.2 (15.8) | 79.8 (16.3) | 72.4 (18.9) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 0.0002 |
| COVID-19 community burden | 25.1 (17.0) | 25.1 (17.4) | 25.3 (19.2) | 27.1 (17.2) | 23.2 (15.2) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.34 |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.74 (0.18) | 0.71 (0.18) | 0.74 (0.18) | 0.75 (0.17) | 0.77 (0.18) | 0.60 (0.31–1.15) | 0.12 |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.55 (0.05) | 0.55 (0.05) | 0.55 (0.05) | 0.55 (0.05) | 0.54 (0.05) | 0.43 (0.04–5.07) | 0.50 |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
bOdds ratios and p-values were derived from proportional odds models additionally adjusted for age, sex, race. The six specific chronic diseases were additionally adjusted for each other.
cScored as 1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
dScored as 1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
eSum of days per week for each of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0 to 28
fSum of days per week for each of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
gScored as 1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
hScored as 1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.