Appendix Table 3I.
Simple associations between individual and community characteristics and intent to receive COVID-19 vaccination – urban residents
| CHARACTERISTICSa | Urban Residents |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very unlikely |
Somewhat unlikely |
Neither likely nor unlikely |
Somewhat likely |
Very likely |
OR (95% CI)b | p-value | |
| n = 661 | n = 403 | n = 556 | n = 769 | n = 1168 | |||
| INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Age (per 1 year) | 65.2 (7.2) | 65.6 (7.3) | 66.0 (7.0) | 67.2 (7.6) | 68.8 (7.5) | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | <0.0001 |
| Gender | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Female | 511 (77%) | 293 (73%) | 442 (80%) | 493 (64%) | 611 (52%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Male | 150 (23%) | 110 (27%) | 114 (20%) | 276 (36%) | 557 (48%) | 0.52 (0.46–0.60) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Black | 350 (53%) | 239 (59%) | 289 (52%) | 303 (39%) | 201 (17%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| White | 278 (42%) | 133 (33%) | 218 (39%) | 411 (53%) | 889 (76%) | 0.34 (0.30–0.39) | |
| Other/unknown | 33 (5%) | 31 (8%) | 49 (9%) | 55 (7%) | 78 (7%) | 0.54 (0.42–0.69) | |
| Educational attainment | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 33 (5%) | 15 (4%) | 33 (6%) | 24 (3%) | 31 (3%) | 0.97 (0.71–1.33) | |
| High school or some college | 367 (57%) | 237 (60%) | 312 (57%) | 353 (47%) | 412 (36%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| College or above | 245 (38%) | 145 (37%) | 203 (37%) | 374 (50%) | 706 (61%) | 0.66 (0.58–0.75) | |
| Household income | <0.0001 | ||||||
| <$15000 | 162 (25%) | 103 (26%) | 145 (26%) | 124 (16%) | 128 (11%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| $15000 to $49999 | 290 (44%) | 172 (43%) | 229 (41%) | 292 (38%) | 345 (30%) | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | |
| $50000+ | 209 (32%) | 128 (32%) | 182 (33%) | 353 (46%) | 693 (59%) | 0.59 (0.49–0.70) | |
| Any chronic disease | 0.4 | ||||||
| No | 125 (19%) | 70 (17%) | 80 (15%) | 143 (19%) | 254 (22%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 528 (81%) | 331 (83%) | 468 (85%) | 621 (81%) | 897 (78%) | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | |
| Diabetes | 0.52 | ||||||
| No | 382 (58%) | 235 (59%) | 303 (55%) | 489 (64%) | 810 (70%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 273 (42%) | 162 (41%) | 251 (45%) | 275 (36%) | 350 (30%) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.25 | ||||||
| No | 449 (70%) | 287 (72%) | 382 (71%) | 551 (74%) | 875 (77%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 196 (30%) | 110 (28%) | 159 (29%) | 194 (26%) | 265 (23%) | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.55 | ||||||
| No | 221 (33%) | 121 (30%) | 143 (26%) | 248 (32%) | 430 (37%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 439 (67%) | 282 (70%) | 410 (74%) | 520 (68%) | 732 (63%) | 1.04 (0.91–1.21) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.57 | ||||||
| No | 607 (95%) | 371 (95%) | 503 (92%) | 710 (94%) | 1089 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 29 (5%) | 21 (5%) | 43 (8%) | 43 (6%) | 64 (6%) | 0.92 (0.70–1.21) | |
| Cancer under active treatment | 0.38 | ||||||
| No | 633 (96%) | 380 (95%) | 531 (96%) | 732 (95%) | 1095 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 26 (4%) | 22 (5%) | 23 (4%) | 35 (5%) | 69 (6%) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | |
| Other chronic disease | 0.09 | ||||||
| No | 505 (79%) | 302 (76%) | 404 (75%) | 604 (80%) | 971 (85%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 136 (21%) | 96 (24%) | 138 (25%) | 150 (20%) | 171 (15%) | 1.14 (0.98–1.34) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.2 (8.1) | 31.2 (7.9) | 31.5 (8.0) | 29.8 (7.7) | 28.4 (6.8) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | 0.0003 |
| Self-reported health status | 0.74 | ||||||
| Excellent | 78 (12%) | 32 (8%) | 52 (9%) | 62 (8%) | 175 (15%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Very good | 236 (36%) | 132 (33%) | 156 (28%) | 286 (37%) | 477 (41%) | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | |
| Good | 238 (36%) | 165 (41%) | 237 (43%) | 279 (36%) | 368 (32%) | 1.10 (0.89–1.35) | |
| Fair | 94 (14%) | 69 (17%) | 99 (18%) | 130 (17%) | 123 (11%) | 1.18 (0.93–1.50) | |
| Poor | 15 (2%) | 5 (1%) | 12 (2%) | 11 (1%) | 24 (2%) | 1.01 (0.63–1.61) | |
| Smoking status | 0.17 | ||||||
| nonsmoker | 582 (88%) | 345 (86%) | 483 (87%) | 679 (88%) | 1080 (92%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Current smoker | 79 (12%) | 58 (14%) | 72 (13%) | 90 (12%) | 88 (8%) | 1.15 (0.94–1.39) | |
| Employment status | 0.67 | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 440 (67%) | 262 (65%) | 390 (70%) | 522 (68%) | 824 (71%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Currently employed | 220 (33%) | 141 (35%) | 166 (30%) | 247 (32%) | 342 (29%) | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | |
| Time spent working within 6 ft of others (hours/day) | 0.22 | ||||||
| 0 | 69 (31%) | 44 (31%) | 63 (38%) | 82 (33%) | 139 (41%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 0.1 to <1 | 43 (20%) | 24 (17%) | 44 (27%) | 55 (22%) | 80 (23%) | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | |
| 1 to <3 | 18 (8%) | 25 (18%) | 16 (10%) | 25 (10%) | 35 (10%) | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) | |
| ≥3 | 90 (41%) | 47 (34%) | 43 (26%) | 84 (34%) | 88 (26%) | 1.24 (0.96–1.61) | |
| Household composition | 0.05 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 237 (36%) | 121 (30%) | 197 (36%) | 226 (30%) | 304 (26%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Lives with other adult(s) and no children | 335 (51%) | 225 (57%) | 291 (53%) | 457 (61%) | 778 (67%) | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) | |
| Lives with child(ren) | 82 (13%) | 51 (13%) | 57 (10%) | 98 (9%) | 75 (6%) | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | |
| Spirituality/religiosity | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Very | 398 (62%) | 229 (57%) | 314 (57%) | 364 (48%) | 491 (42%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Fairly | 190 (30%) | 130 (33%) | 179 (32%) | 276 (36%) | 421 (36%) | 0.78 (0.68–0.89) | |
| Slightly/Not at all | 56 (9%) | 41 (10%) | 58 (11%) | 119 (16%) | 244 (21%) | 0.60 (0.50–0.73) | |
| Health insurance status | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Any Medicare/Medicaid | 407 (62%) | 257 (64%) | 364 (66%) | 502 (65%) | 814 (70%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Any private/no Medicare or Medicaid | 147 (22%) | 84 (21%) | 135 (24%) | 195 (25%) | 285 (24%) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | |
| Only military/other | 68 (10%) | 38 (9%) | 33 (6%) | 47 (6%) | 50 (4%) | 1.34 (1.05–1.72) | |
| No health insurance | 36 (5%) | 23 (6%) | 23 (4%) | 24 (3%) | 16 (1%) | 1.62 (1.15–2.27) | |
| Self-rated reading abilityc | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | 0.0001 |
| Confidence in filling out medical formsd | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 0.005 |
| Need help reading materials from doctors | 0.53 | ||||||
| No | 611 (95%) | 369 (94%) | 512 (94%) | 724 (97%) | 1112 (97%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 30 (5%) | 24 (6%) | 31 (6%) | 24 (3%) | 36 (3%) | 1.10 (0.82–1.49) | |
| Experience of discrimination in healthcare due to race or socioeconomic status | 0.008 | ||||||
| No experience | 489 (74%) | 310 (77%) | 400 (72%) | 624 (81%) | 1046 (90%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Experienced discrimination | 123 (19%) | 73 (18%) | 112 (20%) | 98 (13%) | 77 (7%) | 1.33 (1.11–1.59) | |
| Unknown | 49 (7%) | 20 (5%) | 44 (8%) | 47 (6%) | 45 (4%) | 1.12 (0.87–1.46) | |
| COVID-19 preventive behaviors | |||||||
| Personal protective behaviors scoree | 24.9 (6.0) | 25.6 (4.5) | 25.9 (4.5) | 25.5 (4.2) | 25.1 (4.1) | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <0.0001 |
| Community protective behaviors scoref | 17.5 (5.9) | 18.4 (4.9) | 18.5 (4.4) | 18.6 (4.3) | 18.7 (4.0) | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19g | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.1) | 0.82 (0.78–0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived likelihood of surviving COVID-19g | 3.9 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.3) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.43 |
| COVID-19 testing | 0.04 | ||||||
| Never tested | 407 (62%) | 215 (53%) | 313 (57%) | 443 (58%) | 710 (61%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Tested negative | 235 (36%) | 166 (41%) | 225 (41%) | 307 (40%) | 425 (37%) | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) | |
| Ever tested positive | 17 (3%) | 21 (5%) | 15 (3%) | 17 (2%) | 27 (2%) | 0.94 (0.65–1.36) | |
| Household member tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.85 | ||||||
| No | 410 (97%) | 260 (95%) | 341 (96%) | 520 (97%) | 836 (97%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 13 (3%) | 15 (5%) | 14 (4%) | 18 (3%) | 26 (3%) | 0.96 (0.65–1.43) | |
| Had an influenza vaccination in 2019–2021 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 344 (53%) | 278 (69%) | 397 (72%) | 655 (85%) | 1094 (94%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 308 (47%) | 124 (31%) | 154 (28%) | 112 (15%) | 71 (6%) | 4.19 (3.59–4.88) | |
| Childhood vaccines are safe | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 537 (82%) | 369 (92%) | 513 (93%) | 747 (98%) | 1149 (99%) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No | 114 (18%) | 31 (8%) | 36 (7%) | 15 (2%) | 12 (1%) | 5.75 (4.36–7.58) | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine effectivenessh | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.1) | 0.42 (0.40–0.44) | <0.0001 |
| Confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safetyh | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.1) | 0.43 (0.41–0.45) | <0.0001 |
| COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| State influenza vaccination ranking | 60.6 (3.6) | 60.7 (3.6) | 60.6 (3.8) | 60.7 (3.8) | 61.1 (3.8) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.97 |
| Area Deprivation Index ranking 2018 (per 1 unit increase) | 65.0 (23.8) | 63.6 (24.0) | 63.4 (24.3) | 57.9 (24.7) | 51.0 (26.0) | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) | <0.0001 |
| COVID-19 community burden | 21.7 (13.2) | 21.3 (12.6) | 21.9 (13.3) | 23.1 (14.3) | 22.5 (14.8) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.07 |
| Unacast social distancing grade | 0.98 (0.08) | 0.97 (0.09) | 0.97 (0.10) | 0.97 (0.08) | 0.97 (0.09) | 0.76 (0.39–1.50) | 0.43 |
| Pandemic Vulnerability Index | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.05) | 4.77 (1.12–20.34) | 0.03 |
aPresented as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.
bOdds ratios and p-values were derived from proportional odds models additionally adjusted for age, sex, race. The six specific chronic diseases were additionally adjusted for each other.
cScored as 1 – Excellent, 2 – Very good, 3 – Good, 4 – Okay, 5 – Poor.
dScored as 1 – Extremely, 2 – Quite a bit, 3 – Somewhat, 4 – A little bit, 5 – Not at all.
eSum of days per week for each of washing hands or using sanitizer frequently, cleaning surfaces touched, wearing face masks, and keeping 6 feet away from others. Range from 0 to 28
fSum of days per week for each of avoiding large gatherings, avoiding restaurants or bars, and following government guidelines. Range from 0 to 21
gScored as 1- Very unlikely, 2- Somewhat unlikely, 3 – Neither unlikely nor likely, 4 – Somewhat likely, 5 – Very likely.
hScored as 1 – Very unconfident, 2 – Somewhat unconfident, 3 – Neither unconfident nor confident, 4 – Somewhat confident, 5 – Very confident.