Table 1.
Characteristics of PLHIV stratified by COVID-19 vaccination status (N = 1618)
| Variables | |
COVID-19 vaccination |
Univariable |
Multivariable |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Received | Did not receive | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Total | 1618(100.0%) | 527(32.6%) | 1091(67.4%) | |||
| Sociodemographic information | ||||||
| Gender | 0.788 | |||||
| Male | 1541(95.2%) | 503(95.4%) | 1038(95.1%) | - | ||
| Female | 77(4.8%) | 24(4.6%) | 53(4.9%) | - | ||
| Age (years) | 0.043 | |||||
| 18–29 | 511(31.6%) | 186(35.3%) | 325(29.8%) | Ref | ||
| 30–39 | 742(45.9%) | 240(45.5%) | 502(46.0%) | 0.69(0.48–0.99) | 0.044 | |
| 40–49 | 262(16.2%) | 76(14.4%) | 186(17.0%) | 0.55(0.33–0.92) | 0.023 | |
| ≥50 | 103(6.4%) | 25(4.7%) | 78(7.1%) | 0.36(0.17–0.76) | 0.009 | |
| BMI | 0.238 | |||||
| <18.5 | 129(8.0%) | 39(7.4%) | 90(8.2%) | - | ||
| 18.5–24 | 1038(64.2%) | 327(62.0%) | 711(65.2%) | - | ||
| ≥24 | 451(27.9%) | 161(30.6%) | 290(26.6%) | - | ||
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||||
| Married | 288(17.8%) | 108(20.5%) | 180(16.5%) | Ref | ||
| Unmarried | 1147(70.9%) | 352(66.8%) | 795(72.9%) | 0.43(0.28–0.66) | <0.001 | |
| Divorced or widowed | 171(10.6%) | 57(10.8%) | 114(10.4%) | 1.25(0.72–2.15) | 0.430 | |
| Other | 12(0.7%) | 10(1.9%) | 2(0.2%) | 1.68(0.38–11.93) | 0.536 | |
| Educational level | <0.001 | |||||
| Junior high school or primary school | 217(13.4%) | 37(7.0%) | 180(16.5%) | Ref | ||
| High school | 319(19.7%) | 82(15.6%) | 237(21.7%) | 1.51(0.86–2.68) | 0.151 | |
| College | 975(60.3%) | 338(64.1%) | 637(58.4%) | 2.16(1.30–3.67) | 0.004 | |
| Postgraduate | 107(6.6%) | 70(13.3%) | 37(3.4%) | 8.38(3.89–18.48) | <0.001 | |
| Occupation | <0.001 | |||||
| Other | 897(55.4%) | 140(26.6%) | 757(69.4%) | Ref | ||
| Urban functional security workers | 349(21.6%) | 193(36.6%) | 156(14.3%) | 6.21(4.35–8.92) | <0.001 | |
| Medical workers | 126(7.8%) | 88(16.7%) | 38(3.5%) | 8.50(5.05–15.52) | <0.001 | |
| Unemployed | 95(5.9%) | 15(2.8%) | 80(7.3%) | 1.57(0.76–3.07) | 0.203 | |
| International transportation workers | 75(4.6%) | 30(5.7%) | 45(4.1%) | 3.63(1.93–6.74) | <0.001 | |
| Entry quarantine site workers | 52(3.2%) | 40(7.6%) | 12(1.1%) | 13.58(6.30–31.15) | <0.001 | |
| Cold chain workers | 24(1.5%) | 21(4.0%) | 3(0.3%) | 30.41(8.89–145.70) | <0.001 | |
| Received influenza or pneumonia vaccine in the past 3 years | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 167(10.3%) | 101(19.2%) | 66(6.0%) | 5.40(3.36–8.77) | <0.001 | |
| No | 1451(89.7%) | 426(80.8%) | 1025(94.0%) | Ref | ||
| HIV treatment | ||||||
| Time of HIV diagnosis | 0.628 | |||||
| ≤5 years | 1045(64.6%) | 336(63.8%) | 709(65.0%) | - | ||
| >5 years | 573(35.4%) | 191(36.2%) | 382(35.0%) | - | ||
| On ART | 0.293 | |||||
| Yes | 1570(97.0%) | 508(96.4%) | 1062(97.3%) | - | ||
| No | 48(3.0%) | 19(3.6%) | 29(2.7%) | - | ||
| ART duration | 0.245 | |||||
| ≤5 years | 1112(70.8%) | 350(68.9%) | 762(71.8%) | - | ||
| >5 years | 458(29.2%) | 158(31.1%) | 300(28.2%) | - | ||
| Latest HIV viral load (copies/ml) | 0.042 | |||||
| <50 | 1121(69.3%) | 387(73.4%) | 734(67.3%) | Ref | ||
| ≥50 | 189(11.7%) | 54(10.2%) | 135(12.4%) | 1.30(0.81–2.07) | 0.268 | |
| Not sure | 308(19.0%) | 86(16.3%) | 222(20.3%) | 1.60(1.03–2.47) | 0.034 | |
| Latest CD4+ T cell count (cells/μl) | <0.001 | |||||
| <200 | 59(3.6%) | 15(2.8%) | 44(4.0%) | Ref | ||
| 200–500 | 481(29.7%) | 172(32.6%) | 309(28.3%) | 1.40(0.57–3.60) | 0.474 | |
| >500 | 776(48.0%) | 291(55.2%) | 485(44.5%) | 1.85(0.76–4.73) | 0.189 | |
| Not sure | 302(18.7%) | 49(9.3%) | 253(23.2%) | 0.55(0.21–1.48) | 0.225 | |
| Comorbidities | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 469(29.0%) | 68(12.9%) | 401(36.8%) | 0.33(0.22–0.47) | <0.001 | |
| No | 1149(71.0%) | 459(87.1%) | 690(63.2%) | Ref | ||
| View on COVID-19 vaccination | <0.001 | |||||
| Believing in effectiveness of vaccines | ||||||
| Yes | 568(35.1%) | 258(49.0%) | 310(28.4%) | 3.01(2.20–4.12) | <0.001 | |
| No | 1050(64.9%) | 269(51.0%) | 781(71.6%) | Ref | ||
| Concerning about adverse reactions of vaccines | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 672(41.5%) | 107(20.3%) | 565(51.8%) | 0.31(0.22–0.44) | <0.001 | |
| No | 946(58.5%) | 420(79.7%) | 526(48.2%) | Ref | ||
| Concerning about negative impact of vaccine on the progression of HIV/AIDS | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 758(46.8%) | 112(21.3%) | 646(59.2%) | 0.36(0.26–0.50) | <0.001 | |
| No | 860(53.2%) | 415(78.7%) | 445(40.8%) | Ref | ||
| Concerning about negative impact of vaccine on effectiveness of ART | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 891(55.1%) | 199(37.8%) | 692(63.4%) | 0.61(0.44–0.85) | 0.003 | |
| No | 727(44.9%) | 328(62.2%) | 399(36.6%) | Ref | ||
| Concerning about disclosure of HIV infection status | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 635(39.2%) | 121(23.0%) | 514(47.1%) | 0.69(0.49–0.96) | 0.030 | |
| No | 983(60.8%) | 406(77.0%) | 577(52.9%) | Ref | ||
| Consultation | ||||||
| Consulted HIV specialists | 0.113 | |||||
| Yes | 531(32.8%) | 187(35.5%) | 344(31.5%) | - | ||
| No | 1087(67.2%) | 340(64.5%) | 747(68.5%) | - | ||
| Consulted outpatient doctors | 0.318 | |||||
| Yes | 139(8.6%) | 40(7.6%) | 99(9.1%) | - | ||
| No | 1479(91.4%) | 487(92.4%) | 992(90.9%) | - | ||
| Consulted CBOs | 0.593 | |||||
| Yes | 366(22.6%) | 115(21.8%) | 251(23.0%) | - | ||
| No | 1252(77.4%) | 412(78.2%) | 840(77.0%) | - | ||
| Consulted sex partners/friends/family | 0.088 | |||||
| Yes | 113(7.0%) | 45(8.5%) | 68(6.2%) | 1.71(0.98–2.95) | 0.058 | |
| No | 1505(93.0%) | 482(91.5%) | 1023(93.8%) | Ref | ||
| Discussed with other PLHIV | 0.245 | |||||
| Yes | 335(20.7%) | 118(22.4%) | 217(19.9%) | - | ||
| No | 1283(79.3%) | 409(77.6%) | 874(80.1%) | - | ||
| Receiving media information regarding COVID-19 vaccine | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 471(29.1%) | 207(39.3%) | 264(24.2%) | 2.23(1.61–3.11) | <0.001 | |
| No | 1147(70.9%) | 320(60.7%) | 827(75.8%) | Ref | ||
PLHIV, people living with HIV; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body-mass index.
Other, other occupations at low risk for COVID-19 transmission.
Urban functional security workers include government personnel, public security officers, armed police, firefighters, community workers, media staff, guarantee urban water, electricity, heating, coal, gas, logistics, elderly care, sanitation, funeral, and communication personnel.
ART, antiretroviral therapy.
Comorbidities include hyperlipidemia, liver disease, kidney disease, hypertension, allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, respiratory diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases.
CBOs, community-based organizations.