Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients by absolute lymphocyte count before matching.
| All patients (N = 1029) | No Lymphopenia (ALC > 1500 cells/mm3) (N = 492) | Lymphopenia (ALC ≤ 1500 cells/mm3) (N = 537) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 64 (54 – 75) | 62 (52.5 – 72) | 67 (56 – 78) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 626 (60.8) | 294 (59.8) | 332 (61.7) | 0.521 |
| White, n (%) | 86 (8.4) | 39 (7.9) | 47 (8.7) | 0.083 |
| Black, n (%) | 362 (35.2) | 190 (38.6) | 172 (32) | |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 582 (56.5) | 263 (53.5) | 319 (59.3) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 888 (86.2) | 426 (86.6) | 462 (85.9) | 0.741 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 526 (51.1) | 260 (52.9) | 266 (49.4) | 0.275 |
| CAD, n (%) | 302 (29.4) | 136 (27.7) | 166 (31) | 0.25 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 93 (9) | 44 (8.9) | 49 (9.1) | 0.927 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 87 (8.5) | 44 (8.9) | 43 (8) | 0.584 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 247 (24) | 115 (23.4) | 132 (24.5) | 0.663 |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 193 (18.7) | 87 (17.7) | 106 (19.7) | 0.407 |
| Parameters on admission | ||||
| MAP (mm Hg), median (IQR) | 101 (89.7 – 115.3) | 102.67 (90.7 – 117.3) | 99.33 (89.3 – 113) | 0.011 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 28.9 (24.8–35.4) | 30.3 (25.5–37) | 27.8 (24.3–33.7) | <0.001 |
| Pro-BNP (pg/ml), median (IQR) | 5179 (2157 – 12712) | 3574 (1553 – 8382) | 7924 (2614 – 17052) | <0.001 |
| Hb (g/dL), median (IQR) | 11.9 (10.5 – 13.4) | 12.3 (11–13.7) | 11.6 (10.1–13) | <0.001 |
| GFR (ml/min/m2), median (IQR) | 61.92 (37.9 – 85.5) | 64.62 (42.3–86.7) | 57.58 (35.3–85) | 0.013 |
| Sodium (mEq/L), median (IQR) | 139 (137 – 141) | 139 (137–142) | 139 (136–141) | 0.008 |
| Echocardiographic features | ||||
| EF > 40%, n (%) | 384 (37.3) | 193 (39.2) | 191 (35.5) | 0.217 |
| LAD (cm), median (IQR) | 4.3 (4 – 4.8) | 4.3 (4 – 4.8) | 4.4 (4 – 4.9) | 0.014 |
| LVIDD (cm), median (IQR) | 5.5 (4.9 – 6.1) | 5.5 (4.9 – 6) | 5.5 (5 – 6.1) | 0.99 |
| Discharge medications | ||||
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 815 (79.2) | 382 (77.6) | 433 (80.6) | 0.238 |
| Beta blocker, n (%) | 821 (79.7) | 399 (81.1) | 422 (78.4) | 0.289 |
| ACE inhibitors/ARB, n (%) | 766 (74.4) | 372 (75.6) | 394 (73.2) | 0.383 |
| CCB, n (%) | 278 (27) | 124 (25.2) | 154 (28.6) | 0.217 |
| Spironolactone, n (%) | 188 (18.3) | 83 (16.9) | 105 (19.5) | 0.272 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 282 (27.4) | 132 (26.8) | 150 (27.9) | 0.705 |
| Aspirin/clopidogrel, n (%) | 812 (78.8) | 404 (82.1) | 408 (75.8) | 0.014 |
| Anticoagulation, n (%) | 185 (18) | 79 (16.1) | 106 (19.7) | 0.128 |
| Statin, n (%) | 668 (64.9) | 341 (69.3) | 327 (60.8) | 0.004 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Death, n (%) | 336 (32.6) | 137 (27.9) | 199 (37) | 0.002 |
| All-cause readmission, n (%) | 412 (40) | 164 (33.3) | 248 (46.1) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac readmission, n (%) | 301 (29.22) | 122 (24.80) | 179 (33.3) | 0.003 |
| Death or readmission, n (%) | 575 (55.8) | 239 (48.6) | 336 (62.5) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: ACE – angiotensin converting enzyme, ALC – absolute lymphocyte count, ARB – angiotensin receptor blocker, BMI – body mass index, CAD – coronary artery disease, EF – ejection fraction, GFR – glomerular filtration rate, Hb – hemoglobin, IQR – interquartile range, LAD – left atrial diameter, LVIDD – left ventricular internal diastolic diameter, MAP – mean arterial pressure.