Table 2.
Generalized estimating equations model with the outcome being low mood (based on 5,525 weeks of survey data)
| Parameter | Estimate | SE | Odds ratio [95% CI] | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 4.68 | 4.10 | 0.25 | ||
| COVID-19 event (yes/no) | −0.29 | 0.29 | 0.75 [0.43–1.32] | 0.32 | |
| Family | In-person time | −0.08 | 0.04 | 0.92 [0.86–0.99] | 0.046* |
| In-person time*COVID-19 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 1.05 [0.95–1.15] | 0.35 | |
| Video/call time | 0.02 | 0.05 | 1.02 [0.92–1.13] | 0.74 | |
| Video/call time*COVID-19 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 1.01 [0.86–1.19] | 0.90 | |
| Writing time | 0.12 | 0.08 | 1.13 [0.97–1.32] | 0.13 | |
| Writing time*COVID-19 | −0.06 | 0.12 | 0.94 [0.74–1.19] | 0.60 | |
| Friend | In-person time | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.95 [0.89–1.02] | 0.18 |
| In-person time*COVID-19 | −0.02 | 0.07 | 0.98 [0.86–1.12] | 0.80 | |
| Video/call time | 0.04 | 0.08 | 1.04 [0.89–1.20] | 0.63 | |
| Video/call time*COVID-19 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 1.07 [0.91–1.28] | 0.40 | |
| Writing time | 0.02 | 0.07 | 1.02 [0.89–1.16] | 0.79 | |
| Writing time*COVID-19 | −0.26 | 0.12 | 0.77 [0.61–0.97] | 0.03* | |
| Others | In-person time | −0.004 | 0.04 | 1.00 [0.92–1.07] | 0.93 |
| In-person*COVID | 0.01 | 0.06 | 1.01 [0.90–1.13] | 0.84 | |
| Demographics | Age | −0.13 | 0.04 | 0.88 [0.81–0.95] | <0.01* |
| Gender, female | 0.90 | 0.54 | 2.46 [0.85–7.12] | 0.10 | |
| Race, White | 0.43 | 0.34 | 1.54 [0.79–2.98] | 0.21 | |
| Education, years | 0.06 | 0.08 | 1.06 [0.90–1.25] | 0.47 | |
| Depression severity | 0.25 | 0.09 | 1.28 [1.08–1.52] | <0.01* | |
| Marital status, married | 0.02 | 0.66 | 1.02 [0.28–3.69] | 0.98 | |
| Living situation, alone | 0.16 | 0.49 | 1.17 [0.45–3.06] | 0.75 | |
| Treatment group (blinded as A vs. B) | 0.09 | 0.29 | 1.09 [0.62–1.95] | 0.76 |
Note:
*
p<0.05; All the variables were included in one GEE model.