Fig. 3.

Mean ± SE scores of Factor 3 obtained by male (dark gray) and female (light gray) dogs across Episodes 2–7 (excluded Episode 5–dog alone). Different capital letters indicate significant differences in scores obtained in different episodes by females. Different small-cap letters indicate significant differences in scores obtained in different episodes by males. In both cases, the score of episodes in which two letters are reported is not significantly different from that of other episodes in which any of the two letters appear. Significant differences between males’ and females’ scores within specific episodes are flagged by an asterisk (sequential Bonferroni-corrected post hoc comparison after Generalized Linear Mixed Model). DOS dog, owner and stranger, DS dog and stranger, DO dog and owner