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. 2021 Aug 2;25(1):121–136. doi: 10.1007/s10071-021-01532-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Positive predictive value (“PPV”; white circles) and negative predictive value (“NPV”; black circles) of the positive correlate (Ears adductor) and the negative correlates (Nose lick, Tongue show, Ears downward, Blink, Lips part, Jaw drop, Lip corner puller, and Ears flattener; the negative correlates are sorted in descending order of the positive predictive value)