. 2022 Feb 23;13:825426. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825426

Table 1.

Clinical features and metabolic data of control subjects and patients with T1D included in the longitudinal study.

	Control subjects (n = 17)	T1D onset (n = 17)	Remitter T1D patients (n = 11)		Non-remitter T1D patients (n = 6)
	Baseline	Baseline	PR (2–6 months after baseline)	12 months after baseline	8 months after baseline	12 months after baseline
Age (years)	8.8 ± 3.4	8.7 ± 3.6	9.1 ± 4.3	10.2 ± 4.3**^,xx	9 ± 2.8	9.2 ± 2.8*
Sex (M/F)	7/10	7/10	5/6	4/6	2/4	2/4
BMI (kg/m²)	18.3 ± 4.3	16.8 ± 2.5	17.7 ± 3*	18.6 ± 3.5*	17.2 ± 2.1	17 ± 1.9
BMI-SDS	0.04 (−1.7, 2.7)	−0.5 (−1.6, 0.7)	−0.2 (−1.2, 1.1)*	−0.1 (−1.0, 1.6)	−0.4 (−1.1, 0.3)	−0.5 (−1.0, 0.2)
HbA1c (%)	NA	11.4 ± 2.4	6.9 ± 0.6**	7.1 ± 0.8**/^{^}	8.1 ± 0.7*/^xx	7.9 ± 0.9*/^x
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	NA	101.3 ± 26.2	51.5 ± 6.4**	54.2 ± 9.1**/^{^}	64.5 ± 7.4*/^xx	63 ± 10.1*/^x
Insulin dose (U/Kg/day)	NA	0.7 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.1**	0.5 ± 0.2^{^^^}	0.9 ± 0.1^xxx	0.85 ± 0.1^xxx/°°
Basal C-peptide (ng/ml)	1.3 ± 0.4	0.3 ± 0.2⁺⁺⁺⁺	0.7 ± 0.5⁺⁺	0.3 ± 0.3⁺⁺⁺⁺	0.3 ± 0.1⁺⁺⁺	0.15 ± 0.06⁺⁺⁺/^xx
Stimulated C-peptide (ng/ml)	NA	0.6 ± 0.4	ND	ND	ND	ND
IDAA1c	NA	14.3 ± 3	8.4 ± 0.5**	9.2 ± 1.3**/^{^^}	11.5 ± 1*/^xxx	11.3 ± 1.2*/^xxx/°°

Data presented as mean ± SD, or mean (min, max). P-value calculated from Mann–Whitney test when comparing control subjects and patients with T1D (⁺⁺P ≤0.01, ⁺⁺⁺P ≤0.001 and ⁺⁺⁺⁺P ≤0.0001), and remitter and non-remitter groups [^xP ≤0.05, ^xxP ≤0.01 and ^xxxP ≤0.001 for comparison with PR; ^P ≤0.05, ^^P ≤0.01 and ^^^P ≤0.001 for comparison with 8 months after baseline (non-remitters); and °°P ≤0.01 for comparison with 12 months after baseline (remitters)]. P-value calculated from Wilcoxon test for comparisons of paired data with disease onset (*P ≤0.05 and **P ≤0.01). BMI, Body Mass Index; F, female; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; IDAA1c, insulin dose-adjusted HbA1c; M, male; NA, not applicable; ND, not determined; SDS, standard deviation score.