TABLE 3.
Factors associated with anxiety incidence in diabetes patients with/without GLP1-RA: subgroup analysis.
| Variables | Non-GLP1-RA user | GLP1-RA user | cHR | (95% CI) | p-value | aHR | (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | PY | IR | Event | PY | IR | |||||||
| Anxiety | ||||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | 348 | 42,211 | 8.24 | 63 | 11,093 | 5.68 | 0.68 | (0.52, 0.89)** | 0.005 | 0.75 | (0.57, 0.98)* | 0.034 |
| Male | 308 | 49,627 | 6.21 | 53 | 12,065 | 4.39 | 0.71 | (0.53, 0.94)* | 0.019 | 0.80 | (0.60, 1.08) | 0.145 |
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| 20-40 | 82 | 12,988 | 6.31 | 24 | 4,519 | 5.31 | 0.87 | (0.55, 1.37) | 0.538 | 0.92 | (0.57, 1.46) | 0.713 |
| 40-60 | 328 | 47,119 | 6.96 | 59 | 12,642 | 4.67 | 0.66 | (0.50, 0.87)** | 0.003 | 0.73 | (0.55, 0.96)* | 0.027 |
| >60 | 246 | 31,731 | 7.75 | 33 | 5,997 | 5.50 | 0.71 | (0.50, 1.03) | 0.071 | 0.75 | (0.52, 1.09) | 0.130 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||||||
| No | 381 | 54,417 | 7.00 | 67 | 14,265 | 4.70 | 0.66 | (0.51, 0.85)** | 0.002 | 0.72 | (0.56, 0.94)* | 0.014 |
| Yes | 275 | 37,422 | 7.35 | 49 | 8,893 | 5.51 | 0.76 | (0.56, 1.03) | 0.072 | 0.86 | (0.63, 1.17) | 0.328 |
| Hypertension | ||||||||||||
| No | 311 | 46,371 | 6.71 | 63 | 12,092 | 5.21 | 0.76 | (0.58, 1.00)* | 0.048 | 0.82 | (0.62, 1.08) | 0.157 |
| Yes | 345 | 45,467 | 7.59 | 53 | 11,066 | 4.79 | 0.63 | (0.47, 0.85)** | 0.002 | 0.73 | (0.54, 0.97)* | 0.033 |
| Coronary artery disease | ||||||||||||
| No | 469 | 66,416 | 7.06 | 77 | 17,076 | 4.51 | 0.63 | (0.50, 0.80)*** | <0.001 | 0.69 | (0.54, 0.88)** | 0.003 |
| Yes | 187 | 25,422 | 7.36 | 39 | 6,083 | 6.41 | 0.87 | (0.62, 1.23) | 0.441 | 1.01 | (0.71, 1.44) | 0.953 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||||||||
| No | 519 | 75,604 | 6.86 | 94 | 19,379 | 4.85 | 0.7 | (0.56, 0.87)** | 0.001 | 0.77 | (0.61, 0.96)* | 0.018 |
| Yes | 137 | 16,234 | 8.44 | 22 | 3,779 | 5.82 | 0.69 | (0.44, 1.09) | 0.111 | 0.79 | (0.50, 1.24) | 0.303 |
| Stroke | ||||||||||||
| No | 510 | 73,191 | 6.97 | 87 | 18,674 | 4.66 | 0.66 | (0.53, 0.83)*** | <0.001 | 0.73 | (0.58, 0.92)** | 0.008 |
| Yes | 146 | 18,647 | 7.83 | 29 | 4,484 | 6.47 | 0.82 | (0.55, 1.23) | 0.343 | 0.93 | (0.62, 1.39) | 0.717 |
| COPD | ||||||||||||
| No | 488 | 69,597 | 7.01 | 81 | 17,840 | 4.54 | 0.64 | (0.51, 0.81)*** | <0.001 | 0.70 | (0.55, 0.89)** | 0.003 |
| Yes | 168 | 22,241 | 7.55 | 35 | 5,319 | 6.58 | 0.86 | (0.60, 1.24) | 0.429 | 0.99 | (0.69, 1.44) | 0.978 |
| Connective tissue disease | ||||||||||||
| No | 576 | 82,793 | 6.96 | 100 | 21,190 | 4.72 | 0.67 | (0.54, 0.83)*** | <0.001 | 0.74 | (0.60, 0.92)** | 0.006 |
| Yes | 80 | 9,045 | 8.84 | 16 | 1,969 | 8.13 | 0.91 | (0.53, 1.57) | 0.746 | 1.03 | (0.59, 1.78) | 0.921 |
| Heart failure | ||||||||||||
| No | 594 | 85,201 | 6.97 | 103 | 21,739 | 4.74 | 0.67 | (0.55, 0.83)*** | <0.001 | 0.75 | (0.60, 0.92)** | 0.007 |
| Yes | 62 | 6,637 | 9.34 | 13 | 1,420 | 9.16 | 0.98 | (0.54, 1.78) | 0.943 | 1.11 | (0.60, 2.05) | 0.744 |
| Malignancy | ||||||||||||
| No | 575 | 81,517 | 7.05 | 98 | 20,816 | 4.71 | 0.66 | (0.53, 0.82)*** | <0.001 | 0.73 | (0.59, 0.90)** | 0.004 |
| Yes | 81 | 10,321 | 7.85 | 18 | 2,343 | 7.68 | 0.97 | (0.58, 1.62) | 0.907 | 1.11 | (0.66, 1.86) | 0.703 |
| Liver cirrhosis | ||||||||||||
| No | 412 | 60,426 | 6.82 | 72 | 15,490 | 4.65 | 0.67 | (0.52, 0.87)** | 0.002 | 0.72 | (0.56, 0.93)* | 0.012 |
| Yes | 244 | 31,413 | 7.77 | 44 | 7,668 | 5.74 | 0.74 | (0.54, 1.02) | 0.066 | 0.85 | (0.62, 1.18) | 0.339 |
| Alcoholic liver disease | ||||||||||||
| No | 606 | 85,550 | 7.08 | 103 | 21,819 | 4.72 | 0.66 | (0.54, 0.81)*** | <0.001 | 0.73 | (0.59, 0.90)** | 0.003 |
| Yes | 50 | 6,288 | 7.95 | 13 | 1,340 | 9.70 | 1.21 | (0.65, 2.22) | 0.549 | 1.30 | (0.69, 2.45) | 0.411 |
| Obesity | ||||||||||||
| No | 632 | 89,423 | 7.07 | 111 | 22,657 | 4.90 | 0.69 | (0.56, 0.84)*** | <0.001 | 0.76 | (0.62, 0.93)** | 0.007 |
| Yes | 24 | 2,416 | 9.94 | 5 | 501 | 9.97 | 1 | (0.38, 2.62) | 0.997 | 1.28 | (0.45, 3.66) | 0.640 |
| Medication | ||||||||||||
| Metformin | ||||||||||||
| No | 65 | 5,843 | 11.12 | 16 | 1,567 | 10.21 | 0.9 | (0.52, 1.55) | 0.694 | 1.11 | (0.62, 1.98) | 0.721 |
| Yes | 591 | 85,995 | 6.87 | 100 | 21,591 | 4.63 | 0.67 | (0.54, 0.82)*** | <0.001 | 0.74 | (0.60, 0.92)** | 0.007 |
| TZD | ||||||||||||
| No | 463 | 56,264 | 8.23 | 82 | 14,733 | 5.57 | 0.68 | (0.54, 0.86)** | 0.001 | 0.77 | (0.60, 0.97)* | 0.027 |
| Yes | 193 | 35,575 | 5.43 | 34 | 8,425 | 4.04 | 0.72 | (0.50, 1.04) | 0.079 | 0.78 | (0.54, 1.13) | 0.189 |
| Acarbose | ||||||||||||
| No | 480 | 63,351 | 7.58 | 78 | 15,938 | 4.89 | 0.64 | (0.50, 0.81)*** | <0.001 | 0.72 | (0.56, 0.91)** | 0.007 |
| Yes | 176 | 28,487 | 6.18 | 38 | 7,221 | 5.26 | 0.85 | (0.60, 1.20) | 0.357 | 0.87 | (0.61, 1.24) | 0.443 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | ||||||||||||
| No | 613 | 73,197 | 8.37 | 103 | 15,888 | 6.48 | 0.78 | (0.63, 0.96)* | 0.019 | 0.78 | (0.63, 0.96)* | 0.018 |
| Yes | 43 | 18,641 | 2.31 | 13 | 7,270 | 1.79 | 0.7 | (0.37, 1.31) | 0.263 | 0.66 | (0.34, 1.26) | 0.207 |
| Sulfonylurea | ||||||||||||
| No | 135 | 17,895 | 7.54 | 25 | 4,376 | 5.71 | 0.76 | (0.49, 1.16) | 0.207 | 0.84 | (0.55, 1.31) | 0.446 |
| Yes | 521 | 73,943 | 7.05 | 91 | 18,782 | 4.85 | 0.68 | (0.54, 0.85)*** | <0.001 | 0.75 | (0.60, 0.95)* | 0.014 |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | ||||||||||||
| No | 480 | 56,240 | 8.53 | 67 | 13,045 | 5.14 | 0.6 | (0.47, 0.78)*** | <0.001 | 0.65 | (0.50, 0.84)** | 0.001 |
| Yes | 176 | 35,598 | 4.94 | 49 | 10,114 | 4.85 | 0.91 | (0.66, 1.25) | 0.575 | 1.01 | (0.73, 1.41) | 0.939 |
| Insulin | ||||||||||||
| No | 283 | 37,285 | 7.59 | 45 | 8,647 | 5.20 | 0.69 | (0.5, 0.94)* | 0.019 | 0.68 | (0.49, 0.93)* | 0.015 |
| Yes | 373 | 54,554 | 6.84 | 71 | 14,511 | 4.89 | 0.7 | (0.54, 0.90)** | 0.005 | 0.82 | (0.63, 1.06) | 0.127 |
| Oral medication combination | ||||||||||||
| No | 580 | 74,490 | 7.79 | 100 | 18,767 | 5.33 | 0.68 | (0.55, 0.85)*** | <0.001 | 0.76 | (0.62, 0.94)* | 0.013 |
| Yes | 76 | 17,348 | 4.38 | 16 | 4,392 | 3.64 | 0.76 | (0.44, 1.31) | 0.321 | 0.88 | (0.51, 1.53) | 0.652 |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
PY, person-years; IR, incidence rate, per 1,000 person-years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Demographic factors include age, gender, urbanization level and enrollee category.
1:4 propensity score matching.
Fully adjusted model: Adjusted for demographic factors, comorbidities and medication.